APPENDIX.

NOTE A, page 16.

"The inhabitants of the earth have ever been divided into two great classes, the one herbivorous, the other carnivorous; and though the existence of the latter may, at first sight, seem calculated to increase the amount of animal pain, yet, when considered in its full extent, it will be found materially to diminish it.

"To the mind which looks not to general results in the economy of nature, the earth may seem to present a scene of perpetual warfare, and incessant carnage: but the more enlarged view, while it regards individuals in their conjoint relations to the general benefit of their own species, and that of other species with which they are associated in the great family of nature, resolves each apparent case of individual evil into an example of subserviency to universal good.

"Under the existing system, not only is the aggregate amount of animal enjoyment much increased by adding to the stock of life all the races which are carnivorous,

but these are also highly beneficial even to the herbivorous races that are subject to their dominion.

“Besides the desirable relief of speedy death on the approach of debility or age, the carnivora confer a further benefit on the species which form their prey, as they control their excessive increase, by the destruction of many individuals in youth and health. Without this salutary check, each species would soon multiply to an extent exceeding in a fatal degree their supply of food, and the whole class of herbivora would ever be so nearly on the verge of starvation, that multitudes would daily be consigned to lingering and painful death by famine. All these evils are superseded by the establishment of a controlling power in the carnivora; by their agency, the numbers of each species are maintained in due proportion to one another, the sick, the lame, the aged, and the supernumeraries, are consigned to speedy death; and while each suffering individual is soon relieved from pain, it contributes its enfeebled carcase to the support of its carnivorous benefactor, and leaves more room for the comfortable existence of the healthy survivors of its own species.

“The same ‘police of nature' which is thus beneficial to the great family of the inhabitants of the land, is established with equal advantage among the tenants of the sea. Of these also, there is one large division that lives on vegetables, and supplies the basis of food to the other division that is carnivorous. Here, again, we see, that in the absence of carnivora, the uncontrolled herbivora would multiply indefinitely, until the lack of food brought them also to the verge of starvation;

and the sea would be crowded with creatures under the endurance of universal pain from hunger, while death by famine would be the termination of ill-fed and miserable lives. The appointment of death by the agency of carnivora, as the ordinary termination of animal existence, appears, therefore, in its main results, to be a dispensation of benevolence. It deducts much from the aggregate amount of the pain of universal death; it abridges, and almost annihilates, throughout the brute creation, the misery of disease, and accidental injuries, and lingering decay, and imposes such salutary restraint upon excessive increase of numbers, that the supply of food maintains perpetually a due ratio to the demand. The result is, that the surface of the land and depths of the waters are ever crowded with myriads of animated beings, the pleasures of whose life are coextensive with its duration, and which, throughout the little day of existence that is allotted to them, fulfil the joy with functions for which they were created. Life, to each individual, is a scene of continued feasting, in a region of plenty; and when unexpected death arrests its course, it repays, with small interest, the large debt which it has contracted to the common fund of animal nutrition, from whence the materials of its body have been derived. Thus the great drama of universal life is perpetually sustained; and though the individual actors undergo continual change, the same parts are ever filled by another and another generation; renewing the face of the earth, and the bosom of the deep, with endless succession of life and happiness."Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise.

NOTE B, page 34.

Here we avail ourselves with pleasure of Mr. Youatt's practical knowledge on the subject of cruelty to horses trained for the field and to the chase. Yearlings and two year olds are treated with great and systematic severity.

"It must be wrong to call upon the powers of any animal before the period at which nature intended that they should be fully, or nearly so, developed. That animal can never attain the state of perfection for which he was designed. Should he exhibit extraordinary strength and speed, he obtains a reputation in the sporting world which he is generally unable to sustain ; for the severe measures that have been resorted to, in order to bring him up to the race, are contrary to the laws of nature. The development of the horse has been forced beyond his age. The bones never attain their proper strength; the muscles never gain their full power; and at a future period, when greater speed and strength are expected from him, if he continues on the turf, he probably deceives his backers, and is disgraced; or, at least, ere he has seen four or five years, he is evidently getting old, and is withdrawn from the

course.

"This is one part of the picture. The capabilities and powers of a useful and noble animal are prematurely exhausted, and many years of valuable and pleasing existence are lost to him.

"I am speaking now of the best of them; but what becomes of the greater part of the stock thus unnaturally forced on, like hot-house plants, and the withering