An Essay on the Principle of PopulationCosimo, Inc., 2013/01/01 - 292 ページ Around 1796, Mr. Malthus, an English gentleman, had finished reading a book that confidently predicted human life would continue to grow richer, more comfortable and more secure, and that nothing could stop the march of progress. He discussed this theme with his son, Thomas, and Thomas ardently disagreed with both his father and the book he had been reading, along with the entire idea of unending human progress. Mr. Malthus suggested that he write down his objections so that they could discuss them point-by-point. Not long after, Thomas returned with a rather long essay. His father was so impressed that he urged his son to have it published. And so, in 1798, appeared An Essay on Population, by British political economist and demographer THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS (1766-1834). Though it was attacked at the time and ridiculed for many years afterward, it has remained one of the most influential works in the English language on the general checks and balances of the world's population and its necessary control. This is a replica of the 1826 sixth edition. Volume 2 includes: Book III: "Of the Different Systems, Which Have Been Proposed or Have Prevailed in Society, As They Affect the Evils Arising from The Principle of Population" and Book IV: "Of our future Prospects respecting the Removal or Mitigation of the Evils arising from the Principle of Population." |
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Adam Smith advantage agriculture appear arising Bank of England benevolence bounty capital cause cheap soups circumstances classes of society commerce common condition consequence considerable corn-laws cultivation degree demand for labour diminished distress effect employed employment encourage England evidently evil exertions exportation foreign corn greater habits happiness human improvement increase of population indolence industry labouring classes land law of chastity laws of nature lower classes maintenance of labour manufactures marriage marry means of subsistence ment misery moral nation necessarily necessary object observed occasioned parish assistance particular passion peace of Amiens perhaps period poor poor-laws poverty present price of corn price of labour price of provisions principle of population probably profits progress proportion RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS raw produce reason Robert Gourlay scarcity septiers shillings sufficient supply supposed system of equality take place tend tion wages of labour wealth Wealth of Nations workhouses
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52 ページ - ... for setting to work all such persons, married or unmarried, having no means to maintain them, and use no ordinary and daily trade of life to get their living by...
144 ページ - It has appeared I think clearly, in the review of different societies given in the former part of this work, that those countries, the inhabitants of which were sunk in the most barbarous ignorance, or oppressed by the most cruel tyranny, however low they might be in actual population, were very populous in proportion to their means of subsistence ; and upon the slightest failure of the seasons generally suffered the severities of want. Ignorance and despotism seem to have no tendency to destroy...
234 ページ - This problem is, How to provide for those who are in want, in such a manner as to prevent a continual increase of their numbers, and of the proportion which they bear to the whole society.
50 ページ - The labouring poor, to use a vulgar expression, seem always to live from hand to mouth. Their present wants employ their whole attention; and they seldom think of the future. Even when they have an opportunity of saving, they seldom exercise it ; but all that they earn beyond their present necessities goes, generally speaking, to the ale-house. The poor-laws...
19 ページ - It seems highly probable therefore, that an administration of property not very different from that which prevails in civilized states at present would be established as the best though inadequate remedy for the evils which were pressing on the society.
258 ページ - ... prevent vice, each individual has practically found it necessary to consider of the means of supporting a family before he ventured to take so important a step. That great vis medicatrix reipublicce, the desire of bettering our condition, and the fear of making it worse, has been constantly in action, and has been constantly directing people into the right road, in spite of all the declamations which tended to lead them aside.
180 ページ - Instead of recommending cleanliness to the poor, we should encourage contrary habits. In our towns we should make the streets narrower, crowd more people into the houses, and court the return of the plague. In the country we should build our villages near stagnant pools, and particularly encourage settlements in all marshy and unwholesome...
51 ページ - ... their industry. A man who might not be deterred from going to the ale-house from the consideration that on his death, or sickness, he should leave his wife and family upon the parish might yet hesitate in thus dissipating his earnings if he were assured that, in either of these cases, his family must starve or be left to the support of casual bounty.