become familiar with, all the modifications of voice and gesture. It defines their nature and relations. It teaches him to discriminate, among them, and to select and apply those which natural emotion, in every instance, requires. It guards him against artificial effects of every kind, with as strict care as it does against other faults of manner. It rejects all spurious tones, as counterfeits offered instead of the current coin of the heart. It points out every tendency to dwell on sound rather than on sense and feeling. A false manner, in any particular, it denounces as the worst of all faults,-as an unpardonable violation at once of manliness, truth, propriety, and taste.

Elocution, however, insists, with equal earnestness, on the student's drawing a firm and decided line of distinction between natural and acquired habit, as regards the local accidents of usage, and the general principles of expression. It allows no servile spirit of accommodation to some trick of custom which happens to prevail around the speaker. It requires peremptorily of the New England student, that he lay aside his unique nasal tones and circumflex accents, and frigid, diminutive action,-of the Southern student, that he lay aside his broad drawl, and mouthing tone, and exaggerated gesture. It demands of the man of education, everywhere, that he do not descend to the standard which uncultivated taste exemplifies and prescribes, but that he adopt a manner which shall bear the stamp of dignity and propriety, in enlightened judgment, wherever exercised.

Affectation of manner, though apparently originating in insincerity and art, is often the result of a perception of common errors, and a desire to avoid them. It proceeds, sometimes, from the wish to be correct or graceful. It is the natural product of the prevalent neglect of manner and deportment, which characterizes our modes of education. The moulding influence of taste, if applied, as it ought to be, to the formation of habit, would anticipate and cut off this reaction of the mind against the consequences of early neglect. A sound judgment and a manly taste are the only possible

security against faults of affectation; and the cultivation of these traits of mind ought to form a prominent part of intellectual training. The systematic study and practice of elocution, may do much to form and direct the mental tendencies, in regard to modes and habits of expression; as the principles of the art involve a recognition of all the distinctive features of chaste and correct style, not merely in this but also in every other art which gives form to thought and feeling.

Simplicity, as the grand characteristic of truth and nature, holds as high a place in elocution as in any other mode of expressive art; and directness of tone and emphasis it enjoins as the straight road to the heart: it forbids all attempts at arbitrary modulations of voice,-all merely mechanical variations for effect. The simplest and the truest manner it holds up as the most eloquent and the most effective. The studied changes in which the speaker passes arbitrarily from soft to loud, from high to low, and the opposites to these, it condemns as false to the subject, and destructive to every effect of genuine and earnest address.

A just view of elocution, while it would cherish every natural trait of grace in utterance and action, would lead the student to avoid every trace of manner which indicates a distinct and separate attention to gracefulness. Every modification of the voice, and every movement of the arm, which is executed merely because it is graceful, is untrue to the higher demands of truth and manly energy. It is something deducted from the weight of a sentiment and its power over the mind and heart. It can be compared only to the juvenile messenger's loitering by the wayside, to pluck flowers, when urgent business demands speed.

All true grace is inherent in the sentiment which the speaker utters. It is not a thing which he can superadd in tone or action. It requires no attention, apart from that which is due to the thought and the language of the composition. To linger on poetic tones, and to delay for studied graces of action, on occasions demanding earnest and direct speech, betrays an

utter ignorance of the first principles of expression. Beauty itself must, in such circumstances, lose its character, and become deformity. A single gratuitous flourish of voice or hand, seals the doom of the speaker, as to any effect on intelligent and cultivated minds. The only effect of such obtrusions of manner, is to lower the hearer's estimation of the speaker, and to mar the impression made by his subject.

REFINEMENT AND GRACEFULNESS.

Elocution, as an art, while it rejects all spurious beauty of ornament in manner, as a hinderance to effect, cherishes a just regard for that refinement which is the natural accompaniment of a cultivated taste. Education is ineffectual, if it does not extend to the whole mental character. Classical learning has fallen short of its design, if it has not left its graceful impress on the imagination, and moulded the expressive powers into habits of symmetrical and harmonious action. Its office, in the formation of the intellectual character, is to quicken the sensibility to beauty and elegance, by the admirable perfection of the models which it presents for imitation, and which ought to exert a silent but enduring influence on the associations and tendencies of the mind.

Society has a right to demand, in the educated speaker, the fruits of the highest culture, and, among these, a true elegance and a genuine refinement of manner. The educated clergyman owes to society the results of scholarship, imbodied in an oratory which is, at least, correct and graceful. There are, no doubt, qualities and accomplishments which are of vastly higher value than mere gracefulness of elocution. No degree of elegance can atone for the absence of natural, manly, free, and appropriate manner. But if there is any form of eloquence which naturally and justly invests itself with the associations and the language of the highest beauty, it is that of the pulpit. The wonted themes of sacred oratory, are themselves the highest species of poetry; and the preacher who

does not cause this truth to be felt, loses his hold of one of the most powerful influences on the human soul. The transcendent beauty of the language of the Scriptures, seems to haunt the ear of all men, as a charm equally powerful in all stages of life, from childhood to old age; and the preacher who drinks deepest at the sacred fount, will ever be found the most eloquent in expression;-his whole manner will evince the influence of the discipline of that school in which he has trained himself.

Nothing can be further from the accustomed associations of every mind, than the remotest idea of anything odd, blundering, awkward, or coarse, in the language of the sacred writers. The principle which causes us to revolt from such effects in the style and manner of the preacher, is of the same nature: it is the shrinking of the mind from the thought of desecration. Yet how often are our pulpits occupied by men on whom all the beauties of nature, of art, and even of revealed truth, seem to have fallen without one perceptible effect on the soul, and who apparently address themselves to the delivery of a sermon, in the spirit of a labourer setting about a coarse job of work!

How often we hear from the pulpit the tones of the lowest passions and of the vilest associations, the coarse bawling of utter rudeness, or the harsh guttural sounds of the 'malignant emotions,' which cause the voice of man to approach that of the lower animals! How frequently we hear the pulpit, which should be looked up to, as the model of intellectual refinement and of true culture, degraded by an utterance which, in the very pronunciation of words, bespeaks the ascendancy of low association sin the personal habits of the speaker! The elocution of the pulpit should, in the simplicity and chastened dignity of its inflection, and in the well attempered moderation of its tones, furnish lessons of true eloquence to every other form of address. The impression is utterly false, that the way to bring religion home to the business and bosoms' of men, is to discourse in the dialect of the market-place, and

use the tones and gesture of the street. Lessons of directness and earnestness, may, it is true, be gathered from these. But the literal transference of them to the pulpit, can be suggested only by a taste which relishes what is low, and a judgment utterly blind to the fitness of things. The preacher's office is not to bring down his subject to the level of his hearers, but to assist them in rising to that of his subject. Neither is the rudest mind at all insensible to the becoming grace of refinement, as the natural attendant of eloquence, on themes which are sacred and spiritual in their relations.

FALSE TASTE, ARTIFICIAL STYLE.

But while a coarse and low style of address, is revolting to every one's natural sense of propriety, the manner which betrays artificial and studied elegance, seems to solicit attention to the speaker rather than to his subject. All merely arbitrary and conventional forms of grace, seem ridiculous, when brought into contact with those vast conceptions of the soul to which it is the preacher's business to give utterance. speaker who adopts them, incurs all the degradation of 'voluntary humiliation,' and 'worshipping the angels' of vitiated custom, a thing directly opposite to the idea of the service of God.

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The world justly shrinks from the preacher who, in the delivery of his discourse, serves up some choice delicacy of finical manner, some fantasy of ultra pronunciation, some elegance of mere elocution, when he ought to be dealing out the bread of life. A mincing, affected manner, in the tone or action of a preacher, can excite only the feeling of deep disgust. Nor can the prevalence of coarseness or awkwardness in others, form any plea for the individual who betrays an artificial and affected manner, which pleases only his own fancy, but disgusts the taste of every body else. The coarse and vehement speaker may justly claim that we pardon some