long, for in such turbulent times nothing routed three times in the last, which was permanent. The rich attended only was near Badajos, they determined to to the keeping up their power in order make some acceptable offering to God, to seize upon each other's estates, and to appease the justice of his anger; thus sometimes even the Spaniards destroyed they offered tithes. the church property more than the 19. It appears that, at that period, Moors, so much so that the offer- the Spaniards were persuaded that God ings of the faithful were taken with did strike them with the rod of justice, the ornaments and sacred vases, and di-on account of the impiety with which vided among them. This abuse was so they denied the churches the necessary great in the eleventh century, that the maintenance of their ministers. Most prebendaries of St. James's church of them wanted means to satisfy the were very meanly dressed, and their liv-expenses of worship, and to remedy the ings would not maintain them six distress of the poor; therefore it is promonths at the beginning of the twelfth bable that in such circumstances the century.

prelates and pastors exhorted the faith17. In the year 1031 the use of offer- ful to pay tithes, which had now beings was almost abolished with us, as come a debt of justice. Thus we find, the council of Compostella was obliged that in the year 1142, the inhabitants of to ordain that the prebendaries should Avila, Segovia, and Toledo, being exmake offerings in the three great festi- posed to the fury of the kings of Corvities of Christmas, Easter, and Whit-dova and Seville, implored the mercy of Sunday. The usurpation of the power- the Almighty, offering him the tenth of ful, and want of charity in the Chris- the booty they should obtain from the tians, reduced the churches to the Moors in this excursion; which vow greatest distress, and were the principal they performed, after gaining the facauses of the introduction of tithes. mous battle of Montelio. Without them divine worship could not have been performed nor the poor succoured; and our bishops, full of the zeal which inflamed the fathers of the fifth century, promoted the payment in Spain, and exhorted the faithful to that effect. The persuasions of Don James Gelmirez, excited Count Petriccio, 1113, to offer the tithes of his estates to the church of St. James.

18. Although in the twelfth century the payment of tithes became common in Leon and Castille, they were in most of the churches paid voluntarily; as the bishops of those kingdoms prohibited receiving from the hands of the excommunicated this or any other kind of offering. Though tithes were introduced into the Spanish March from the ninth century, their payment was still voluntary in some of the churches in the bishopric of Urgel, 1099; and therefore it is not strange that the debt of tithes should be a necessary one in Leon and Castille. About the year 1040, the inhabitants of Salamanca and its neighbourhood made some sallies against the Moors; and after having been

20. In 1198 Innocent III. ascended St. Peter's chair, and, according to the contents of the letter he wrote to the Archbishop Santiago, and the other prelates of the kingdom of Leon, the general duty of paying tithes was not introduced into that kingdom, nor that of Castille. The Spanish bishops had complained to that pope, that the faithful did give them tithes, offerings, or firstfruits, under the pretext that the sacraments were not administered to them, by reason of the interdict to which the kingdom of Leon was subject. If the payment of tithes had not been voluntary at that period, the churches would have enforced it, because the interdict did not extinguish the right of prosecuting, nor the duty of paying, although it might interrupt the ecclesiastical offices. Besides, the tithes are not paid precisely for the administering the sacraments, but as a sacred charge of the state for the maintenance of religion. Had it not b

been for that purpose, they would not have been exacted from the Moors and Jews. It is not feasible, that the Spanish prelates should stand in need

4

of the assistance of the king in recover- with the tax of tithes heavier than they ing them; for all, excepting that of were accustomed to. Therefore it Oviedo, enjoyed the favour of Don Al-appears, that notwithstanding the apfonso; and for adhering to his cause parent universality of the before-menthey suffered the indignation of Inno-tioned. canon, the fathers of Peñafiel Xcent III. would not extend their precept to places where tithing was not customary; for they knew that the church ought not to impose taxes upon the faithful, although it may possess the power of compelling them to pay tithes when established by custom.

21. From the eleventh century the general opinion was that the payment of tithes was a divine right as it was introduced into the Partidas and the laws of the Fuero Real, by Don Alfonso the Wise. In 1302 it was also adopted by the council of Peñafiel, and it there- 24. The principal cause of tithes not *fore declared that all were under the having been introduced into the proobligation of paying them. Notwith- vinces of Spain, which had not recogstanding these ecclesiastical and regalnised French dominion, and even in decrees, the tithes of all kinds of fruits some of their bishoprics, was in the were not paid in this kingdom; for it is liberality of our kings and the other well known that since their introduc- lords, as will be proved by the followtion the church received them by cus-ing facts:In the year 1013, Don *tom, which varied in different provinces, or by virtue of royal charters, or donations of individuals.

Sancho the Great granted to the monastery of Leyre the privilege of receiving the tithes from various towns which he had wrested from the Moors. In 1070, Don Sancho II gave the Monks of Oña, the power of erecting churches in any of his estates, and authority to receive tithes from their new parishioners. When Don Bamiro of Arragon, transferred the church of Huesca to Saca, in 1060, he granted with her the tenth of the gold, silver, wheat, wine, and any other productions of different towns named by him. In 1099 the Ginsonense church in the bishopric of Urgel was consecrated, and 23. The council of Peñafiel could most of her parishioners offered to pay not have introduced their general use, the tenth of their fruits. In 1113, because it was not national, and in it Count Petriccio made an equal donation was only present the bishops of Cuença, to the apostolic church of St. James; Siguenza, Osma, Segovia, and Patencia, and Don Alfonso I. of Arragon and with the archbishop of Toledo, who Navarre, and VII. of Castille, granted congregated together to form a com-to the holy church of Saragossa, in pact for defending ecclesiastical immunity against any who should attempt to usurp church property, or to exact from its vassals more than the accustomed taxes, according to records in the archives of the cathedral of Segovia, copied by Colmenaris. It cannot be believed that prelates so zealous in defending the vassals of the church from paying more than the customary pen sions, would overcharge the subjects of the kings and those of the other lords,

22. The laws of the Fuero Real were not generally recognised, because the towns were governed by their own statutes or municipal charters, which they had received from their lords, and as the Fuero had been given only to the towns pertaining to the crown, the law for paying tithes was not general. The Partidas were not published until the **2d of May, 1339, in the reign of Alfonso XI,, and they have received only a subsidiary authority; thus, custom was the only rule for tithing.

1133, the right of receiving the tenth of all the mills and baths of that city and its environs. When Don Sancho Bamirez founded Lizarra (now Estella), he gave to the monks of St. John de la Peña, the tithes of all parishes founded, or that should be founded, in the new town; and Don Alfonso the VIII. made an obligation of paying to the church of Burgos, and to Marino, her bishop, the tenth of the agricultural produce of the Botica Real, of Burgos, Ovierna, and

other places. Lastly, in the thirteenth | bined attack was making on the police century the king, St. Ferdinand, en- in the village. Col. Wemyss and the dowed the metropolitan church of Lancers wheeled round, and rode to BilSeville with the tithes of its dioceses, excepting those of Figneral and Aljuraffe.

(To be continued.)

TITHE WAR.

THE campaign has opened in Ireland, as the reader will see, from the follow ing account. The killed and wounded seem to be pretty numerous.

*

TITHE AFFRAY ATTACK ON THE
MILITARY.

boa in a rapid trot, when they saw the country people flinging stones and missiles of every description at Chief Constable Brady and his police party, one of whom was knocked off his horse, and the whole village exhibited one scene of indescribable terror and confusion. By the prompt exertion of Colonel Wemyss and the Lancers, who galloped through the assailants, and the timely influence of a Roman Catholic clergymán, something like tranquillity was restored, but it was of momentary duration, for when : (From the Limerick Chronicle.) the Lancers drew up with the intention At four o'clock yesterday morning, of leaving the village and resuming two pieces of artillery, sixty of the 12th their route, the country fellows again Lancers, with Captain Vandaleur, and pressed forward and pelted the soldiers five companies of the 924 Highlanders, with stones. Several of the Lancers with Major Rose, proceeded from this were struck and severely hurt, and one garrison towards Bilpoa, and under of their officers having lost his cap by command of Colonel Wemyss, to attend the blow of a stone, they charged their sale by distress for tithes due by the assailants with the sabre, and fired in parish priest of Doone to the rector, the defence of their lives, wounding some Rev. Mr. Coote. It having been previ- of the most daring of their opponents, ously well known that the peasantry re- while many of the fellows received slight solved to assemble in vast numbers for sabre cuts. The forbearance of the mi the purpose of intimidating any person litary was admirable, and the rioters from purchasing at this sale, Major would have suffered in life and limb, Miller, chief magistrate of police, com but for the frequent, earnest, and municated with the military authorities humane exhortation of the commandin this garrison, and it was determined ing officer, Lieut,-Colonel Wemys, accordingly to draw a strong division of who took the greatest pains to suppress troops to the scene of action. Upwards the tumult without bloodshed, and to of 6000 people were in the village of disperse the people. Bilboa, when the priest's cow was brought out for sale, and the surrounding hills were covered by at least 10,000 more. However, the imposing military and police force that drew up in the vicinity prevented any opposition from the crowds present, and the cow was knocked down for 121. to the priest's brother, who paid the money, and refused to take the overplus, after discharging all expenses. The troops withdrew from the scene soon after without interruption, while the peasantry watched We have this morning ascertained their movements with great anxiety. the casualties that occurred yesterdayThey had not proceeded above half a One man, Real, of Cappamore, has a mile on their return, when an express sabre wound in the head; Darby Conovertook the commanding officer, an-nell, of Castleguard, a shot in the groin nouncing that a tremendous and com- Fitzgerald, of Cappamore, a shot in the

2

The crowds had now fled the village and retreated to the surrounding hills, from whom Colonel Wemyss and the Lancers heard several shots fired on their departure to join the Artillery and Highlanders. Everything was quiet at Bilboa when they left, and six policemen are now stationed in the Rev. Mr... Coote's house for his protection. The troops did not return to this garrison until half-past nine o'clock last night, after a harassing excursion of 30 miles.

thigh; Fogarty, of Reisk, a shot in the elbow. The wounds of Connel and Fitzgerald are dangerous. Darby Connell died on Wednesday.

ENGLISH TITHE-FIGHT.

and under 50lbs., 91d. a pound; any quantity above 50lbs., 9d. a pound; above 100lbs., 8d. A parcel of seed may be sent to any part of the kingdom; I will find proper bags, will send it to any coach or van or wagon, and have it booked at my expense; but the money

be sent away; in consideration of which I have made due allowance in the price. If the quantity be small, any friend can call and get it for a friend in the country; if the quantity be large, it may be sent by me. The plants were raised from seed given me by Mr. PEPPERCORN (of Southwell, Bedfordshire), in 1823. He gave it me as the finest sort that he had ever seen. I raised some plants (for use) in my garden every year; but, at Barn-Elm I raised a whole field of it,

TITHES IN DURHAM.On the 6th instant, must be paid at my shop before the seed Mr. J. Bell, the tithe-lessee for the parish of Hexham, having procured a warrant, sent some persons duly accredited to seize upon the goods and chattels of Mr. John Ridley, who had refused to pay tithes. The seizure being made, a person was left in Mr. R.'s house to watch his furniture, &c., on which Mr. Ridley sent the bellman round the town, stating that he wanted a person of known integrity to watch a suspicious character who infested his house. One was soon found, and there they actually staid from Friday the 6th until Wednesday the 11th instant, one watching Mr. R.'s goods, the other watching the watcher. On Tuesday the 10th. Mr. Ridley sent the bellman to invite the public to come to his sale on Wednesday, to wit-and had 320 bushels of seed upon 13 ness the proceedings of "tithe-mongers and their tools," when he meant to state his reasons for refusing to pay tithes. On Wednesday a large concourse of people, estimated at from 600 to 1,000 persons, assembled in the street, near Mr. R.'s house. The sale commenced, and furniture to the amount of the tithe and costs having been purchased, Mr. R. came out upon his own pent-house, and, in a long address, which was well received, gave his reasons for his conduct, and the assembly, after giving Mr. R. three cheers, quietly dispersed. This is the way that the tithe-war began in Ireland. When will this Government he wise?

acres of land. I pledge my word, that there was not one single turnip in the whole field (which bore seed) not of the true kind. There was but one of a suspicious look, and that one I pulled up and threw away. So that I warrant this seed as being perfectly true, and as having proceeded from plants with small necks and greens, and with that reddish tinge round the collar which is the sure sign of the best sort.

MANGEL-WURZEL SEED.

This

Any quantity under 10lbs., 7 d. a pound; any quantity above 10lbs. and under 50lbs., 7d. a pound; any quantity above 50lbs., 61d. a pound; any quantity above 100lbs., 6d. a pound. The selling at the same place as above; the payment in the same manner. farm, the summer before the last. seed was also grown at Barn-Elm It is a seed which is just as good at ten years old as at one.-The plants were raised in seed-beds in 1828; they were selected, and those of the deepest red planted out in a field of 13 acres, which was admired by all who saw it, as a most even, true, and beautiful field of the kind. The crop was very large; and out of it were again selected the plants from which my present stock of seed was growed; though, indeed, there was little room for selection, where all

were so good and true. I got my seed as I ever wish to eat, and I would alfrom, Mr. Pyм, of Reigate, who raised ways have it if I could. Now, for the it from plants proceeding from seed that instructions to make bread with wheatI had given him, which seed I had raised flour and corn-flour. Suppose you are at Worth, in Sussex; and, all the way going to make a batch, consisting of through, the greatest care had been thirty pounds of flour; you will have taken to raise seed from no plant of a of course twenty pounds of wheat-flour dubious character.-This seed, therefore, and ten pounds of corn-flour. Set your I warrant as the very best of the kind.— sponge with the wheat-flour only. As A score or two of persons, who sowed soon as you have done that, put ten of this seed last year, have given me an pints of water (warm in cold weather, account of the large crops they have and cold in hot weather) to the cornhad from it, and have all borne testimony] flour; and mix the flour up with the to its being the truest seed they ever water; and there let it be for the presaw of the kind. I sell these seeds sent. When the wheat sponge has risen, much cheaper than true seed, of the and has fallen again, take the wettedsame sorts, can be got at any other up corn flour, and work it in with the place; but I have a right to do this, wheat sponge, and with the dry wheatand I choose to exercise my right. My seeds are kept with great care in a proper place; and I not only warrant the sort, but also, that every seed grow, if properly put into the ground.

USES OF COBBETT-CORN FLOUR.

flour that has been round the sponge. Let the whole remain fermenting together for about half an hour; and then make up the loaves and put them into the oven. The remainder of the process every one knows. These instructions I have, as I said before, from We use the corn-flour in my family, Mr. Sapsford; and I recollect also, that FIRST as bread, two-thirds wheaten and this is the way in which the Americans one-third corn-flour; SECOND, in butter make their bread. The bread in Long puddings baked, a pound of flour, a Island is made nearly always with rye quart of water, two eggs, though these and corn-flour, that being a beautiful last are not necessary; THIRD, in plum-country for rye, and not so very good puddings, a pound of flour, a pint of for wheat. I should add here, that there water, half a pound of suet, the plums, is some little precaution necessary with and no eggs; FOURTH, in plain suet- regard to the grinding of the corn. The puddings, and the same way, omitting explanation given to me is this: that to the plums; FIFTH, in little round do it well, it ought to be ground twice, dumplings, with suet or without, and and between stones such as are used in though they are apt to break, they are the grinding of cone-wheat, which is very good in this way; in broth, to bearded wheat, which some people call thicken it, for which use it is beyond all rivets. This, however, is a difficulty measure better than wheaten-flour. which will be got over at once as soon as there shall be only ten small fields of this corn in a county.

Now, to make BREAD, the following

are the instructions which I have re

is,

table:

8 inches in the row,

PRICE.

a

£. s. d.
0 31

1 Ear will plant nearly Two RODS (
1 Bunch will plant more than

ceived from Mr. SAPSFORD, baker, No. I sell it according to the following 20, the corner of Queen Anne-street, Wimpole-street, Marybone. As I have If planted in rows 3 feet apart, and the plants frequently observed, the corn-flour is not so adhesive, that is to say, clammy, as the wheat and rye flour are. It therefore, necessary; or, at least, it is best to use it, one-third corn-flour and two-thirds wheat or rye flour. The rye and the corn do not make bread so bright as the wheat and the corn, nor quite so light; but it is as good bread

6

12

25

SEVEN RODS..

0 1 0 Bunches will plant more than 40 rods, or a quarter of an acre.. 0 5 6 Bunches will plant more than 80 rods, or half an acre Bunches will plant more than 160 rods, or an acre ........

....

0 10 6

1.0