German and French have been introduced into the high-school course on an equality with the other branches. The examination showed the schools to be in a highly satisfactory condition.

SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE.

This institution, founded by the masonic fraternity of Arkansas, was chartered as a military college, and such it will continue to be, for the military discipline produces the happiest effect upon the general conduct of the students. This institution was re-opened October 1, 1867, (it having been closed during the war,) and has since then been in successful operation.

ARKANSAS DEAF-MUTE INSTITUTE.

For nearly two years this school was conducted on the slender means that the city was able to appropriate. In 1868 it was incorporated as a State institution. Since this incorporation there has been appropriated the sum of $26,000 for its annual expenses, and the sum of $300 per annum for the expenses of each pupil. For building purposes no appropriation was made; but the board of directors erected a large frame house at less expense than one year's rent. This, after a time, proved inadequate, and the substantial brick edifice now occupied was erected. The capacity of this building is about exhausted, and the legislature has been petitioned to make an appropriation for building purposes.

The limit prescribed by law for admission is between the ages of nine and thirty. It is estimated that there are at least two hundred and fifty deaf-mutes in this State under thirty years of age. There is also a large number of colored deaf-mutes in the State, entitled to the same privileges of education as the white, for whom no provision has been made, and with the present accommodations of the institute, it is impossible to receive them. There are no hospital accommodations, and should an epidemic break out, there is no place to which the sick can be removed.

ARKANSAS INSTITUTE FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND.

In 1868 this institution was removed from Arkadelphia to Little Rock, and thoroughly re-organized. The trustees recommend an appropriation of $30,000 for the support of the institution for the next two years. The workshop has profited greatly by the change of location, and during the last two years has been self-supporting.

ARKANSAS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY.

This institution is established in accordance with an act of Congress making a grant of land as an endowment for its benefit, and in accordance with an act of the general assembly of the State carrying out the object of the grant. Besides the grant of land made by Congress, amounting to 150,000 acres, the State legislature has appropriated $50,000 for the benefit of the institution. The donation of $130,000 proposed by the county of Washington and town of Fayetteville, upon condition of the location of the institution in the latter place, has been secured by its location. Several hundred acres of land have been donated by private individuals. An experimental farm has been provided for agricultural and horticultural purposes.

According to the act of the general assembly, a normal department has been established in connection with the university. Those who desire to enter this department, and will enter into a written obligation to teach in the public schools of the State for two years after completing their course, will be admitted without payment of tuition. A preparatory department has been established as auxiliary to the higher departments. There will be provision made for 219 beneficiaries, entitled to four years free tuition, and apportioned among the several counties according to their respective populations. Provision will be made for instruction in military science and tactics. An unexpected difficulty in procuring the agricultural-college scrip to which the university is entitled has caused delay in the establishment of a full agricultural course.

FACTS FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS.

Area and population. In 1870 Arkansas was the twenty-sixth State in population, having 484,471 inhabitants in an area of 52,198 square miles, an average of 9.30 persons to the square mile. This population consists of 362,115 whites, 122,169 negroes, 89 Indians, and 98 Chinese; 479,445 were natives of the United States, 5,026 were foreign-born; of the native residents of the State, 170,398 whites, 62,463 blacks, and 21 Indians were born within its borders; of the foreign residents, 1,563 were born in Germany, 1,428 in Ireland, and 526 in England.

School attendance.-According to Table IX, vol. 1, of Census Report, 62,572 persons of all ages attended school in the State in 1870; of these only 26 were foreign-born. The

white male scholars numbered 30,138, and the white female scholars 26,650; the colored male scholars numbered 2,930, and the colored female scholars 2,854.

Mliterates.-The number of persons of all races,, 10 years old and over, unable to write was 133,339, of whom only 296 were foreign-born, 4 Chinese, and 18 Indians. Age, sex, and race of illiterates. Of the white illiterates 10 to 15 years old, 7,985 were males and 6,814 were females; of those 15 to 21 years old 6,703 were males and 7,213 females; of those 21 years old and over, 13,610 were males aud 21,770 were females. Of the colored illiterates 10 to 15 years old, 5,352 were males, 4,982 were females; of those 15 to 21 years old, 5,863 were males and 6,655 were females; of those 21 years old and over, 23.681 were males and 22,689 were females.

Educational institutions. According to Table XII, vol. 1, of Census Report, the total number of educational institutions was 1,978; these had 1,653 male aud 644 female teachers, and 41,939 male and 39,587 female pupils. The public institutions numbered 1,744, with 1,458 male and 508 female teachers, 37,103 male and 34,942 female scholars. Amount and source of educational income.-The total income of all the educational institutions was $681,962, of which $7,300 were derived from endowments, $555,331 from taxation and public funds, and $119,331 from tuition and other sources.

Public schools.-The income appertaining to the public (normal, high, grammar, graded and ungraded common) schools for educating these 72,045 pupils was $552,461; of which sum $7,300 were derived from endowments, $529,881 from taxation and public funds, and $15,280 from tuition and other sources.

Colleges. The 3 colleges reported, with 8 male and 2 female teachers, contained 235 pupils, and had a total income of $7,700.

Academies. The 30 academies had 61 teachers, 2,144 pupils, and an income from tuition, &c., of $21,837, and from taxation and public funds of $3,550, making a total income of $25,387.

Private schools.-The 187 (private) day and boarding schools had 241 teachers, 6,818 pupils, and an income of $67,214, which was derived from tuition and other sources. Libraries.-The libraries of the State were: Public, 293, with 54,332 volumes; private, 888, with 81,232 volumes; making a total of 1,181 libraries, with 135,564 volumes. The press.-The 56 periodicals issued in the State had an aggregate circulation of 29,830 copies, and an aggregate annual issue of 1,824,860 copies.

Churches. Of the 1,371 church organizations in the State, 1,141 had edifices with 264,225 sittings, and the church property was valued at $854,975.

Pauperism. The paupers numbered 538, of whom 288 were native whites and 202 native colored, also 48 foreigners.

Criminals. Of the 362 prisoners reported 137 were native whites, 184 native colored, 40 foreigners, and 1 Iudian.

Age and sex of population.-Of the total population of Arkansas 165,492 persons were from 5 to 18 years old, of which number 84,645 were males and 80,847 were females. The number of persons 10 years old and over was 341,737, of whom 175,194 were males and 166,543 were females.

Occupations.-One hundred and twenty thousand one hundred and fifty-three males and 15,796 females of these ages were engaged in various occupations; of these 135,949 employed persons 109,310 were engaged in agricultural pursuits, 14,877 in professional and personal services, 5,491 in trade and transportation, and 6,271 in manufactures, mechanical and mining interests.

Age and sex of working population. Of the 135,949 reported as employed 7,335 males and 1,979 females (a total of 9,314 persons) were between 10 and 15 years old; 107,540 males and 13,402 females (a total of 120,942 persons) were between 16 and 59 years old; and 5,278 males and 415 females (5,693 persons) were 60 years old and over.

LIST OF SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS.

Hon. THOMAS SMITH, State superintendent of public instruction, Little Rock.
CIRCUIT SUPERINTENDENTS.

Annual salary of State superintendent..

Annual salary of circuit superintendents, to be paid from the State treasury

Helena.

Augusta.
Batesville.
Huntsville.
Fayetteville.
Russellville.
Little Rock.
Arkadelphia.
Washington.
Monticello.
Little Rock.

$3,500

3,000

CALIFORNIA.

[From report of Hon. O. P .Fitzgerald, State superintendent of public instruction, for the scholastic year ended June 30, 1871, and from other sources-prepared by Mrs. S. B. Cooper.]

The educational development of the State keeps pace with its growth in wealth and population. The increase in the number of children attending school is more than 20 per cent. in two years. The increase in the value of school property is about 20 per cent. for the same period. The enormous amount added to the value of school property is the result of voluntary taxation voted directly by the people themselves. But while, in the centers of wealth and population, the children have the advantage of a full school-year's instruction, with the best facilities for learning, the present system is totally inadequate to meet the wants of the more remote and sparsely-settled districts. Many districts can maintain schools only from three to six months of the year. remedy for this great evil and injustice lies in taxing all the property of the State to educate all the children of the State. "Let not the hardy pioneers who lead the march of American civilization, extend the area of freedom, subdue the wilderness, and incur the hardships and dangers of frontier life, pay the penalty of seeing their children grow up in ignorance as the reward of their enterprise, energy, and courage. The chief recommendation of the public-school system is, that it secures the advantages of education to those who can be reached in no other way. If it fails in this, it falls essentially to accomplish its highest end."

FEATURES OF THE AMENDED SCHOOL LAW.

Tho

The school law, as amended by the last legislature, provides that "in all counties containing 20,000 inhabitants or upward, the superintendent shall devote his whole time to the supervision of schools in his county;" that "certificates of the first grade shall be granted to those only who have passed a satisfactory examination in indus

trial drawing, in addition to the studies before designated;" that "all examinations shall be conducted partly in writing and in part orally; the standing in each study to be indorsed upon the diploma or certificate, otherwise it is not valid;" also, that all the school-grounds shall be adorned, as far as practicable, with ornamental and fruit trees and shrubbery.

THE CALIFORNIA TEACHER."

The California Teacher continues to be the official organ of the department of public instruction. Under the present efficient editorial management it is in a flourshing condition, and contains much valuable educational matter, both original and selected. It is sustained mainly by the State subscription of $4,000.

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES.

Since the year 1861, a State teachers' institute has been held annually in the city of San Francisco. The special feature of the session of 1871 was a debate on the true theory of a public-school system. This debate, while it developed a great variety of opinions as to the best method of giving to all the children of the State the advantages of a full term of public-school instruction, showed that all were agreed that these advantages should be more equally distributed, and that the time for action had arrived. Of county institutes, Superintendent Fitzgerald says: "In some counties the first real impulse to the cause of education dates from the first institutes held in them. They have done incalculable good, not only in enlarging the ideas and exciting the enthusiasm of teachers, but in awakening the interest of the public gencrally in the cause of popular education." The number of county institutes held during the last two years is largely in excess of the number ever held during any like period previously. We regret to learn that an act has been recently passed abolishing these important agencies for improvement in the work of teaching.

COMPULSORY EDUCATION.

At the last State teachers' instituto the subject of compulsory education was considered, and resolutions were passed requesting the next legislature to provide for the maintenance of a free school for ten months, in each district in the State; and declaring the members of the institute in favor of a law "compelling the education of all children in those branches taught in the public schools."

SALARIES.

Superintendent Swett calls attention to the low salaries paid to principals and viceprincipals of grammar schools, and recommends that the salaries of the former bo raised to $2,400, and of the latter to $1,800. He also says: "The salaries of experienced and capable women, teaching the various grammar grades, should be increased. Good schools cannot be kept up without good teachers, and the best teachers cannot be retained unless they are paid a fair compensation for their labor."

EDUCATIONAL WORK AMONG THE CHINESE.

The main difficulty in the beginning of the educational work among the Chinese was to find teachers who were able to use both the English and Chinese languages with sufficient facility to give instruction. It was finally determined to connect with the regular religious service of the churches a school for the instruction of the Chinese in our language, as well as our religion. Nearly every Protestant denomination now has at least one Chinese mission-school in successful operation. There are twelve in good working order. The number of students enrolled is between 1,500 and 1,800. The average attendance is about 1,000. In addition to the regular exercises on Sunday afternoon, each church has one night in the week set apart for extra instruction in English.

CHINESE CHARACTER AND EDUCATIONAL ATTRIBUTES.

The Chinese attending these schools are generally docile, tractable, bright of apprehension, and cager and zealous in their efforts to learn. But they are set and determined as regards the manner in which they shall be instructed, and each one demands the exclusive attention of a teacher. If any attempt is made to form a class of several members, there is immediate discontent and audibly expressed disapprobation. This necessitates a very large number of teachers, and the mission-schools find it their greatest obstacle. Chinese pupils are given to wandering from one school to another, thus retarding their own progress. This inclination is being gradually overcome, and each year shows a more steady average attendance. There are many and conclusive evidences that they aro willing to learn and follow our ideas in the religious, moral,and social order. But the work must necessarily be gradual. Its surest agency lies in the Chinese mission-schools.

MISSIONS AMONG THE CHINESE.

Presbyterian mission.-This is the pioneer mission, established in 1852, under the care of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. It is under the superintendence of Rev. A. W. Loomis. Rev. J. M. Condit is his associate. There are three other associate teachers, one Chinese assistant, and three native colporteurs. As most of the Chinese who avail themselves of educational privileges are occupied during the day, schools are held for their accommodation in the evening. A day-school was kept open for four months, but the attendance being small, it was discontinued. The average attendance at night is 73, though the enrollment is much larger. A school for Chinese girls and women is in successful operation under the care of Mrs. Cole.

The nineteenth anniversary of this mission was held during the past year. One of the local papers spoke of it as follows: "The singing of the school was remarkably good. The performances upon the organ evinced much genuine talent as well as careful study. Computations in mental arithmetic were performed with much accuracy and rapidity. In grammar the pupils displayed great proficiency, parsing with ease both simple and compound sentences. In geography they showed familiarity not only with different countries, but also with the peculiarities of governments, peoples, customs, and arts. The most remarkable feature of the occasion was the examination of Fong Noy, a very intelligent Chinese, not only in the branches above named, but also in natural philosophy, chemistry, astronomy, and algebra. The most abstruse questions were auswered with an evident comprehension of the subject and an originality of expression that indicated something far higher than a mere technical knowledge of the subjects. This was the more remarkable from the fact that Fong Noy is employed all day, devoting his evenings only to study, and a portion of these is devoted to learning telegraphy."

A branch school of the Presbyterian mission is now in successful operation at San José; and much work has been done besides in Chinese Camp, Stockton, Sacramento, and Ione City.

Methodist Episcopal mission.-This school occupies three rooms in San Francisco. It t is in charge of Rev. Otis Gibson, and is supported by the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal church. A nominal charge of $1 per month is made, but the payment is entirely optional with the scholars. About three-fourths of the average number in attendance pay promptly. The enrollment is about 100; the average attendance, 42. The progress of the scholars is remarkable, when it is remembered that all are employed during the day, and can only study at night. This school has steadily increased in interest since its first opening, in January, 1871, to the present time.

Baptist mission.-This mission has schools in San Francisco, Oakland, Brooklyn, and Sacramento, with 300 pupils and about 100 teachers. A house, valued at $3,500, has recently been purchased for the school in San Francisco. There is an evening class of 40 scholars; and an afternoon class is to be formed for the instruction of Chinese females. The superintendent is Rev. John Francis, recently of Brooklyn, New York. The most encouraging feature of this work is, that all the converts at once become teachers, and their influence on others of their race is greater than that brought to bear directly by the mission.

INDIAN SCHOOLS.

Colonel B. C. Whiting, superintendent of Indian affairs in California, furnishes the following statistics of schools at the reservations:

At the Tule River agency the population is 374. The school, when in operation, had an attendance of 37. It is now discontinued for want of a suitable building, which is in process of erection. The teacher reports satisfactory progress.

At Hoopa, the population is 725. There is one school in operation, with 74 pupils. Fair progress is reported.

At Round Valley there are many tribes; the total population is 1,700. There is but one school, with 110 pupils. The teacher reports satisfactory progress.

The total number of male pupils in these three schools is 110; total number of femalo pupils, 111; total in all the schools, 221. The schools are under the auspices of the Methodist denomination, and all supplied with female teachers.

EDUCATION OF THE SOLDIERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY.

The report from headquarters Military Division of the Pacific, General Schofield, commander, is substantially the same as that embodied in the report of 1871. Affairs in the Indian country have rendered it almost impossible to carry out any definite system of instruction. The garrisons are so small that the services of all are in constant demand for stated duties, and for the suppression of difficulties which are of frequent occurrence, especially in the valley of the Colorado. There is at each post a small library and a supply of newspapers, and such as have leisure may avail themselves of