of education, as well as works on special educational questions. According to subjects, the educational literature of 1870 is grouped in the following manner:

A peculiar feature of German educational literature are the school-programmes, published annually by the gymnasia and the real-schools. It is an ancient and time-honored custom, that every year the director or one of the professors writes a scientific essay on a subject chosen by himself. Many of these essays possess the highest literary merit, and the authors not infrequently publish a collection of their essays in bookform. Some of them are of considerable length, (upward of 100 closely-printed pages,) and they embrace the most varied subjects, as the following table for the year 1870 will show:

The number of educational journals and periodicals published in Germany is 67, viz, 62 Protestant and 5 Roman Catholic. Distributed according to states, they are grouped in the following manner:

STATISTICS OF THE GERMAN UNIVERSITIES IN 1871-'72.

In the following table the statistics of the universities of the German empire are first given by themselves, and then the statistics of those universities in Switzerland, Austria, and Russia where German is exclusively used as the language of instruction, and which are justly considered as homesteads of German science and German culture.

1

1

1

Grand total.... 1, 148 430

41 604 130 2, 356 2, 1531, 594 6, 286 6, 654 6, 236 22, 923 2, 859 25, 782

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

(Constitutional Monarchy-Kingdom. Area, 20,879 square miles. Population, 31,817,108.)

Lord president of the council on education, EARL OF RIPON; vice-president of the committee of the council on education, WILLIAM EDWARD FORSTER.

I.-ENGLAND AND WALES.

(Population, 22,704,108.)

CODE (1872) OF MINUTES OF THE EDUCATION-DÉPARTMENT.*

1. A sum of money is annually granted by Parliament "for public education in Great Britain."

2. This grant is administered by the education-department.

3. The object of the grant is to aid local exertion, under certain conditions, to maintain

a. Elementary schools for children; and

b. Training-schools for teachers.

4. An elementary school is a school or department of a school at which elementary

* The education-department administers the schools in England, Wales, and Scotland.

education is the principal part of the education there given, and does not include any school or department of a school at which the ordinary payments, in respect of the instruction, from each scholar exceed ninepence a week.

5. Aid to maintain schools is given by annual grants to the managers, conditional upon the attendance and proficiency of the scholars, the qualifications of the teachers, and the state of the schools.

6. No grants are made to elementary schools which are not public elementary schools.

7. No grant is made in respect of any instruction in religious subjects.

8. Officers are employed to verify the fulfillment of the conditions on which grants are made, to collect information, and to report the results to the education-department. 9. These officers are inspectors appointed by Her Majesty, on the recommendation of the education-department, and persons appointed by the department, as occasion requires, in the capacity of acting inspectors, or inspectors' assistants.

10. No grant is paid except on a report from an inspector, showing that the conditions of the grant have been fulfilled. The inspector may delegate to an assistant the duty of examining into the attendance and proficiency of the scholars. 11. The education-department, at the time of agreeing to make grants to an elementary school, informs the managers in what month to look for the inspector's annual visit. This month remains the same from year to year, unless the department informs the managers of a change. Notice of the day of the inspector's annual visit is given beforehand to the managers.

12. An inspector may visit any public elementary school at any other time without notice.

13. Grants are issued to each elementary school only once per annum. The year for this purpose is reckoned as ending with the last day (inclusive) of the mouth preceding that tixed for the inspector's annual visit.

14. No undertaking should be commenced in general reliance upon aid from the parliamentary grant. An application for such aid should, in the first instance, be addressed to the secretary of the education-department, London. Full instructions are thereupon issued according to the particulars of the case.

15. The managers of a school must appoint a correspondent with the educationdepartment, and must give notice of any change of correspondent. Teachers cannot act as managers of, or correspondents for, the schools in which they are employed.

16. After May 31, 1871, no grant shall be inade to any elementary school which is not a public school, and no grant shall be made except in pursuance of a memorial duly signed and containing the information required by the education-department for enabling them to decide on the application.

ANNUAL GRANTS-PRELIMINARY CONDITIONS.

17. Before any grant is made to a school, the education-department must be satisfied that

a. The school is conducted as a public elementary school, and no child is refused admission to the school on other than reasonable grounds.

b. The school is not carried on with a view to private emolument.

c. The school-premises are healthy, well lighted, drained, and ventilated, properly furnished, supplied with suitable offices, and contain in the principal school-room at least 80 cubic feet of internal space, and in the school-room and class-rooms at least 8 square feet of area for each child in average attendance. d. The principal teacher is certificated, (article 43.)

Exception: Evening-schools may be taught by pupil-teachers who have completed their engagement with credit, (article 79.)

e. Notice is immediately given to the department of the date at which the teacher enters on the charge of the school, from which date the grant is computed. f. The girls in the school are taught plain needle-work and cutting out as part of the ordinary course of instruction.

g. The infants, if any, attending the school are instructed suitably to their age, and in a manner not to interfere with the instruction of the older children. h. Registers of admission and daily attendance and accounts of income and expenditure are accurately kept and duly audited, and all statistical returns and certificates of character (articles 67, 77, and 80) may be accepted as trustworthy.

i. Three persons have designated one of their number to sign the receipt for the grants on behalf of the school.

Exception: The treasurer of a school-board signs the receipt for grants to schools provided by the board.

18. The grant may be withheld if, on the inspector's report, there appears to be any serious prima-facie objection. A second inspection, wherein another inspector takes part, is made in every such instance; and if the grant be finally withheld, a special minute of the case is made and recorded.

GRANTS TO DAY-SCHOOLS.

19. The managers of a school which has met not less than 400 times, in the morning and afternoon, in the course of a year, as defined by article 13, may claim at the end of such year

A. The sum of 68. per scholar, according to the average number in attendance throughout the year, (article 26.)

B. For every scholar present on the day of examination who has attended not less than 250 morning or afternoon meetings of the school:

1. If above four and under seven years of age at the end of the year, article 13: a. 8s.; or

b. 10s. if the infants are taught as a separate department by a certificated
teacher of their own, in a room properly constructed and furnished for their
instruction.

2. If more than 7 years of age 12s., subject to examination, (article 28,) viz:
48. for passing in reading;

4s. for passing in writing; and

48. for passing in arithmetic.

20. 150 attendances (article 23) qualify for examination :

a. Scholars attending school under any half-time act; and

b. Boys above 10 attending school in a rural district.

21. If the time-table of the school, in use throughout the year, has provided for one or more specific subjects of secular instruction beyond article 28,

A grant of 3s. per subject may be made for every day-scholar, presented in standards IV-VI, (article 28,) who passes a satisfactory examination in not more than two of such subjects.

No grant may be claimed under this article on account of any scholar who has been examined, in the same subject, within the preceding year, by the department of science and art.

GRANTS TO EVENING-SCHOOLS.

22. The managers of a school which has met not less than 80 times in the evening, in the course of a year, as defined by article 107, may claim:

a. The sum of 48. per scholar, according to the average number in attendance throughout the year, (article 26.)

b. For every scholar who has attended not less than 50 evening-meetings of the school, 7s. 6d., subject to examination, (article 28,) viz: 2s. 6d. for passing in reading, 2s. 6d. for passing in writing, and 28. 6d. for passing in arithmetic.

CALCULATION OF ATTENDANCE.

23. Attendance at a morning or afternoon meeting may not be reckoned for any scholar who has been under instruction in secular subjects less than two hours, nor attendance at an evening-meeting for any scholar who has been under similar instruction less than one hour and a half.

24. Attendance of boys at drill, under a competent instructor, for not more than two hours a week, and 20 weeks in the year, may, in a day-school, be counted as school attendance.

25. Attendance may not be reckoned for any scholar above 18, or in a day-schoo! under 3, or in an evening-school under 12 years of age.

26. The average number of scholars in attendance for any period is found by adding together the attendances of all the scholars for the same period, and dividing the sum by the number of times the school has met within the same period; the quotient is the average number in attendance.

27. In calculating the average number in attendance, the attendances of half-time scholars reckon for no more than those of other scholars.