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see that I must submit:' but, added he, addressing him"self to Monsieur de Souvrè, Pray do it gently.'

"The next morning, when he went to see the queen, his "mother, she rose from her seat and made him a very low "curtsy-Make me fewer curtsies, madam,' said the little

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king, and don't have me whipped so often.'

ووو

The literary education of Lewis the Fourteenth was, on the contrary, shamefully disregarded, or purposely neglected: he was suffered to grow up in utter ignorance by persons, who hoped to govern by this means in his name. As to the management of public affairs, their base policy was defeated; for when Lewis ascended the throne, he had the courage to supply, by application to business, his own deficiencies; but he continued during his whole life to feel most sensibly his want of early instruction in literature. This monarch, who spoke with so much ease and grace on other occasions, was always timid and bashful when he was to address men, or even women of literature. Madame de Montespan contrived for a length of time to keep her royal captive at a distance from her rival, by representing Madame de Maintenon as a bel esprit; and it was remarked, that when Queen Christina visited Paris, though his majesty evidently wished to pay her all due honours, yet even at his own court he was uneasy in her company, and dared not hazard himself to address many words to this learned lady. Though Lewis the Fourteenth was, for the love of glory, the protector of letters, yet his courtiers well knew, that he delighted in private to see men of sense made ridiculous. From this sort of meanness a prince

should be preserved by sufficient but not pedantic instruc

tion.

Though the literary education of princes is often ill managed, their bodily exercises are seldom neglected. Voltaire says, that to ride is one of the few things which princes always learn well, because horses never flatter. Hunting is usually a favourite amusement of kings; perhaps not so much because it is an image of war, as because it affords opportunities of displaying personal vigour and activity; and as it excites an interest, which relieves from the tediousness of princely life. For these reasons princes should be indulged in this amusement.

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While means are pursued to render a prince hardy and robust, that he may be brave and independent, care should be taken to prevent him from priding himself upon his corporeal more than his mental superiority. The pride of the capability of bodily endurance was one of the chief faults of Charles the Twelfth, who, in jest, burned his chancellor's boots, and in earnest froze thousands of his poor soldiers to death from this species of false glory. He should not, from mistaken ideas of manliness and spirit, pique himself on being a match for jockeys, pedestrians, or pugilists; he should be capable of great bodily exertions where they are necessary, but in ordinary life it would be no merit in him to be a hewer of wood, or drawer of water.

A prince must, in the first place, be trained to be" a "king-ay, every inch a king." He may be what he will

besides he may, or may not, play upon the flute, or dance ballets, or make verses, or speak Greek; but he must, above all things, be just and brave. The courage of a king, however, must not be the twelvepenny virtue of a common soldier, nor yet the headlong rashness, which seeks reputation in the cannon's mouth. He must not be possessed by that insane ambition, which sacrifices millions of mankind for a useless island, or a speculative opinion: his must be deliberate, rational heroism.

In that admirable paper of advice, which Lewis XIV wrote for his grandson, when he was going to take possession of the throne of Spain, he strongly dissuades him from the love of conquest. "But," says Lewis, " if you be forced to go to war, put yourself at the head of your armies."

But why need we refer to foreign precepts, when we find among our own Henries and Edwards examples far more glorious? "Dieu et mon droit" is the most noble motto. In the just defence of his rights, a monarch must be resolute to maintain the most vigorous contest, prepared to sacrifice every thing but his honour. His courage should be such, as will bear the test of adversity; it should be more allied to fortitude of mind than to personal prowess. From danger, in whatever shape it comes, a king should never shrink. He must dare to meet the opinions of men, as well as their arms. In civil and military courage he must excel; in both, the late unfortunate king of France was deficient. These defects in his amiable character were scarcely perceptible in seasons of general tranquillity; their consequences in times of public

commotion were beyond calculation disastrous. At the halcyon commencement of his reign, who could have foreseen the whirlwind at its close? At the festival of his coronation, who could have foretold, that Lewis the Sixteenth would perish by the hands of a common executioner on a public scaffold? The most estimable private virtues of a monarch are of little avail to himself, or his empire, unless they be supported by the públic virtues of activity, prudence, civil and military courage, and sagacity. A king in a limited monarchy, or in any regal government, can do nothing of himself. It is in the choice of the delegates of his power, his counsellors, his ministers, his ambassadors, the commanders of his fleets and of his armies, that the wisdom and vigour of his mind should be displayed. On this choice, influencing as it must every subordinate office through the scale of government, will depend the prosperity and glory of his kingdom, the happiness of his people, and the safety of his crown. A monarch should therefore possess the power of discerning abilities, and of distinguishing character. Machiavel, in his chapter" Of the Secretaries of Princes," observes, that “in "the capacities of men, there are three degrees; one man "understands of himself; another understands what is ex

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plained; and another understands neither of himself nor by any explanation." Bacon has farther observed, that there are men who peradventure can do exactly well in a few things, and yet are distracted and incapable of managing a variety of affairs. There are also persons who can act well on a sudden, or where boldness is required, and yet who cannot combine distant operations, or foresee remote consequences; who do not possess what he calls longanimity. There are

others, good for nothing on a sudden, incapable of acting or advising on the spur of the occasion, and destitute of presence of mind, yet who, when their intellects are undisturbed by fear or hurry, display consummate wisdom. There are also men of philosophical genius, who perfectly understand the theory of legislation, and yet who are unfit to be employed to carry even their own designs into practice. All these varieties of intellect or habit a prince should learn to discriminate; and he should be taught how to avail himself of the excellencies of different characters in various circumstances: he should know how to balance the opposite counsels of advisers of dissimilar views and dispositions; and he must be decided by his own judgment, after having listened to all their reasons and opinions. Unless he have this power of judging and deciding for himself, a king will never find wisdom even in a multitude of counsellors: for, as Machiavel says, it is a ge neral rule, "That a prince who has no wisdom of his own can "never be well advised.".

To be able to distinguish character, and to choose friends, ministers, or servants judiciously, a prince must be free from all personal prejudice or caprice, and he must disdain flattery. Machiavel gives his prince an infallible rule for judging whether a man should be trusted as a minister or a counsellor; "When you observe your officer more careful of himself than “of you, and all his actions and designs pointing at his own "interest and advantage, that man will never be a good mi"nister, nor ought you ever to repose any confidence in "him." To this maxim may be added another test for distinguishing the true friend, or the honest servant, from the flat