The distinguished veteran Prince Kutusoff, whose services had long before entitled him to most particular notice, was now appointed Marshal General, with a grant of 100,000 rubles; and five rubles were given to each soldier, by order of his Imperial Majesty, who had had a share in this memorable battle.

Throughout the vast empire, the sacred torch of the love of their country had awakened in each Russian their virtue and their courage. Each perceived that the contest was one between liberty and despotism, profligacy and morality: each also perceived that it was not a contest to be decided by the event of a battle, or even the result of a campaign, but by a superior vigour and perseverance. Though a good cause is not always triumphant, yet it seldom fails but for want of prudence. The present contest must be ultimately decided in favour of that party which employs the greatest vigour, talent, and unanimity these, on the side of justice, cannot fail of success.There was no acceptable medium, no alternative, now left for Russia: either that great nation must have expelled the invader, or her existence, her honour, rights, justice, judgment, and energy, must have expired for ever.

Two days after the battle of Borodino Marshal Kutusoff retired a short distance on the Moscow road: he then endeavoured to find a

the day. He gradually withdrew back upon some works in his rear, out of cannonshot, and from thence fell back about two wersts and a half, with his main body; giving orders for his heavy guns, &c. to retire upon Mojaisk. The Russian army remained upon the field until the next evening, when Prince Kutousoff fell back three wersts with his main body, and left General Platow with his Cossacks to occupy the ground in front of Borodino.

"Thus terminated, in the field, the memorable battle of Borodino; and so far it resembled the battle of Preuss Eylau, but not in its consequences; for Eylau preserved Konigsberg, whereas Borodino accelerated the loss of Moscow. I am, however, inclined to think, that Borodino, theoretically, was in the field a more decisive victory than Eylau, as the Russians there quitted the ground during the same night; whereas, at Borodino, it was the enemy who withdrew.

"It, however, greatly differed from Eylau in its progress; for Borodino was a battle on points,-Eylau was a parade battle, general throughout the line, and covering every man in the field with its iron canopy. The Russians had more than 600 guns in the field, but the fire was sustained by about 268 pieces.

"The loss at Borodino to the Russian army was, perhaps, severe; as it now appears, that 25,000 were killed or wounded (at least one-half killed,) and above 1500 officers, of whom three Generals were killed, and nine wounded.

"The loss of the enemy could not but be far greater; calculation so far could not err; but it now appears, from their own correspondence, that they estimate their loss at 26 Generals hors de combat (of whom 7 were killed), and 35,000

men."

position more tenable near Moscow; but such not being to be found, he retired, after a Council of War, to a strong position, leav

* ACCOUNT OF MOSCOW IN THE YEAR 1800.

FROM THE TRAVELS OF DR. CLARKE.

We arrived at Moscow at the season of the year (April) in which this city is most interesting to strangers. Moscow is in every thing extraordinary; as well in disappointing expectation, as in surpassing it; in causing wonder and derision, pleasure and regret. Numerous spires, glittering with gold amidst burnished domes and painted palaces, appear, in the midst of an open plain, for several miles before you reach the gate, as you approach it from Petersburgh. Having passed the gate, you look about you and wonder what is become of the city, or where you are; and are ready to ask, once more, how far it is to Moscow? They will tell you, "This is Moscow;" and you behold nothing but a wide and scattered suburb: gardens, brick-walls, churches, cottages, palaces, timber-yards and warehouses. One might imagine, all the states of Europe and Asia, had sent a building, by way of representative, to Moscow: timber huts, from regions beyond the arctic; palaces, from Sweden and Denmark; painted walls, from the Tyrol; mosques, from Constantinople; Tartar temples, from Bucharia; pagodas, pavilions, and varandos, from China; cabarets, from Spain; dungeons, prisons, and public offices, from France; architectural ruins, from Rome; terraces and trellises from Naples; and warehouses from Wapping. Nor is the costume less various than the aspect of the buildings. Greeks, Turks, Tartars, Cossacks, Chinese, Muscovites, English, French, Italians, Poles, and Germans, all parade in the habits of their respective nations.

We were at Moscow at the time of the Easter festival; and as this is celebrated at Moscow with a degree of pomp and festivity unknown to the rest of Europe, we shall proceed to give an account of it. The most splendid pageants of Rome do not equal the costliness and splendour of the Russian church. Nor did the carnival of Venice exceed that of Moscow, in debauchery, superstition, licentiousness, and parade.

The first ceremony to which we were witness, was that of Palm Sunday. On the eve of this day, the whole inhabitants of Moscow, in carriages, on horseback, or foot, resort to the Kremlin for the purchase of palm branches, with which to decorate their saints, both at home and in the streets. It is one of the gayest promenades of the year. The Governor, attended by all the magistrates and nobility, go in procession, mounted on fine horses. The streets are lined with spectators, and cavalry are placed on each side to preserve order. They proceed in this manner to the Kremlin, which presents the gay spectacle of a moving forest. Every one makes it a point of religion to purchase one or more of these palm branches in the Kremlin, and then to return and parade the streets with them. Nothing can be more gay, lively and beautiful.

The second grand ceremony of this season takes place on the Thursday before Easter, at noon, when the archbishop washes the feet of the apostles. This we also witnessed. The priests appeared in the most gorgeous apparel. Twelve monks, designed to represent the twelve apostles, were placed in a semicircle before the archbishop; upon which, he takes off his robes, girds up his loins with a towel, and then proceeds to wash the feet of them all, until he comes to the representative of St. Peter, who rises, and addresses him in the dialogue which is recorded to have taken place between our Saviour and that apostle. All this is performed in the cathedral, and in the presence of all Moscow, crowded thither as spectators.

ing the enciny to enter the city, which he did on the 14th of October. In a report to the Emperor Alexander, Kutusoff gives the

The third, and most magnificent ceremony of all, is celebrated two hours after midnight, in the morning of Easter Sunday, and exceeded every thing of the kind that I had ever seen. It is called the ceremony of the Resurrection. At midnight, the great bell of the cathedral tolled its vibrations seemed the rolling of distant thunder, and they were instantly accompanied by the noise of all the bells in MosEvery inhabitant was stirring; and the rattling of carriages in the streets was greater than at noon-day. The whole city was in a blaze; lights were seen in all the windows, and innumerable torches in the streets. The tower of the cathedral was illuminated from its foundation to its cross. The same ceremony takes place in all the other churches, and they are all equally crowded.

cow.

We hastened to the cathedral, which was filled with a prodigious assembly of all ranks and sexes, bearing lighted wax tapers, to be afterwards heaped as vows on the different shrines. The walls, ceilings, and every part of this building, were covered by the pictures of saints and martyrs. In the moment of our arrival the doors were shut; and, on the outside, appeared Plato the archbishop, preceded by banners and torches, and followed by all his train of priests, with crucifixes and sceptres, who were making, three times, in procession, the tour of the cathedral; chaunting with loud voices, and glittering in sumptuous vestments covered with gold, silver, and precious stones. The snow had not melted so rapidly in the Kremlin as in the streets of the city; this magnificent procession, therefore, was constrained to move upon planks, over the deep mud which surrounded the cathedral. After completing the third circuit, they all halted before the great doors, which were shut; the archbishop, with a censor, scattering incense against the doors, and over the priests. Suddenly the doors were opened, and the effect was beyond description great. The immense throng of spectators within, bearing innumerable tapers, formed two long lines, up which the archbishop passed, and advanced with his train to a throne near the centre. The profusion of lights in all parts of the cathedral, and, amongst others, of an enormous chandelier, which hung from the roof; the richness of the dresses, and the vastness of the assembly, filled us with astonishment.

Having joined the suit of the archbishop, we accompanied the procession, and passed even to the throne, on which, as strangers, we were permitted to stand amongst the priests, and near an embroidered stool of satin placed for the archbishop. The loud chorus which burst forth as the procession entered the church, continued as it moved towards the throne, and after the archbishop had taken his seat; when my attention was called off for a moment, by seeing a Russian crossing himself with one hand, and picking his neighbour's packet with the other.

The archbishop soon after descended, and went all round the cathedral; first offering incense to the priests, and then to the people as he passed along. When he returned to his seat, the priests, two by two, performed the same ceremony to the archbishop, who rose and bowed, holding a lighted taper in bis hand. The people the whole time were bowing and crossing themselves.

I had now leisure to examine the dresses and figures of the priests, which were certainly the most striking I ever saw. Their long dark hair, without powder, fell down in ringlets over their rich robes and shoulders, their dark thick beards the wise covering their breast. On the heads of the archbishop and bishops were biglaps covered with gems, and adorned with miniature paintings, set in jewels, of the virgin, the crucifixion, and the saints. The robes of party-coloured satin

following account of the causes which compelled him to let the enemy

enter Moscow.

were of the most costly embroidery, and even on these were miniature paintings set with precious stones.

After about two hours had been spent in various ceremonies, the archbishop, holding a cross, advanced into the body of the church, which all the people crowded round him to embrace. He then entered the sacristy, whence, having put on a purple robe, he again advanced, exclaiming three times with a loud voice-" Christ is risen."

The most remarkable part of the ceremony now commenced. The archbishop, descending into the body of the church, crawled round the pavement on his hands and knees, kissing the consecrated pictures, whether on the pillars, the walls, the altars, &c. The priests and all the people imitated his example.

Thus was Easter proclaimed, and riot and debauchery instantly broke loose. Drinking, dancing, singing, filled the streets from night to day, and from day till night. But in the midst of all these excesses, quarrels hardly ever took place. The wild rude riot of a Russian populace is full of humanity. Few disputes are heard; no blows are given, and no lives endangered.

On Easter Monday begins the procession of the pascal egg; lovers to their mistresses, relatives to each other, servants to their masters, all bring ornamented eggs. Every present and offering at this season is called a pascal egg. The meanest pauper in the street, presenting an egg, may demand a salute even of the Empress. All business is laid aside; the upper ranks are engaged in visiting, balls, dinners, suppers, masquerades; whilst boors fill the air with their songs, or roll drunk about the streets, servants appear in new and tawdry liveries, and carriages in the most pompous parade.

I attended one of the public balls of the citizens given in our inn. It was held in a suit composed of several apartments; and a numerous band of music, consisting of violins, wind instruments, and kettle drums, was provided for the occasion. A company of gipsies was invited by the master of the inn to entertain the company. A single ruble was the price of admission. Upon my entrance I found the assembly as various as a masquerade. On the benches were squatted Turks, with their usual gravity and indifference, looking on with a vacant stare, unmoved by shouts of joy or tumultuous songs, or the noise of the dancing, or by a pair of kettle drums thundering close to their cars. In another part were a party of Bucharians with flat noses, high cheek bones, and little eyes; their heads shaven, and a small conical embroidered cap on the crown of their sculls; in red morocco boots, long trowsers of blue cloth, with a girdle and poniard. Besides these were Chinese merchants, Cossacks, and even Kalmucs. In the middle of the room the Russian boors and tradesmen were dancing with prostitutes, whilst their own wives and daughters were walking about. A party of gipsies were dancing the national dance, called the Barina. It resembled our English hornpipe, but was scandalously licentious in its movements and expression. The male dancer expressed his joy by contortions, squeaks, convulsive spasms-sometimes standing still, then trembling in all his limbs, to the music, which was very animating. The Russians acknowledge that thep owe this dance to the gipsies, and we certainly owe our hornpipe to the same. Other gipsies, according to their universal practice, were telling fortunes and begging, in return for oranges, ices, &c. This extraordinary people, found in all parts of Europe, were originally one of the casts of India, driven out of their own territory, and distinguished amongst the Indians by a name which signifies thieves.

"After the sanguinary though victorious battle fought by your Majesty's troops on the 26th ult. (Sept. 7) I was obliged to leave my position near Borodino, for reasons of which I have already had the happiness to inform

They preserve every where the same features, manners, customs, and even dress. The extraordinary resemblance of the female gipsies to the women of India was remarked by our officers and men in Egypt, when General Sir David Baird arrived with his army to join Lord Hutchinson. The seapoys had many of their women with them, who were exactly like our gipsies.

In other parts of the room were vocal performers, in parties of ten or twelve each, singing voluntaries. They performed with the most perfect concert and harmony. Though the female dancers at the ball were for the greater part prostitutes, the other women seemed to have no scruple whatever in mixing with them.

The ball of the Nobles is of a very different kind; it takes place every Tuesday, and it may be truly said, that Europe has not its equal. I was greatly struck with it. The coup d'œil on entering the grand saloon, was inconceivable. During ten years that I have been accustomed to see spectacles of a similar nature, in different parts of the Continent, I have never seen any thing with which it might compare. The dresses were the most sumptuous that can be imagined; and what is most remarkable, they were conceived in the purest taste, and were in a high degree becoming. The favourite ornaments of the ladies were cameos, which they wore upon their arms, in girdles round their waists, or upon their bosoms. The women of France and England may go to Moscow in order to see their own fashions set off to advantage. Their drapery was disposed chiefly after the Grecian costume, and they wore their hair bound up round the head. It must be confessed, moreover, that no country in the world can boast superior beauty; and when we add to this the utmost elegance in dress, and, wherever they get it, in taste, it may be imagined what a scene such splendour must exhibit.

The dances were quadrilles, Polonese and English; but whatever name they gave them, they were dull and heavy, and consisted merely in a sort of promenade. Every person wore full dress; the men appearing either in uniform, or in coats of very rich embroidery.

One of the most surprising features in the Russian national character is, their talent for imitation. This is the principal of all their operations. They have nothing of their own, but it is not their fault if they have not every thing others invent. Their surprising talents for imitation exceed all that has been hitherto known. The meanest Russian slave is sometimes able to accomplish the most intricate, and most delicate works of machinery, and to copy, with his single hand, what has demanded the joint labours of the best workmen in France and England. If they were instructed in the art of painting, they would become the finest portrait painters in the world. In proof of this we saw one example; it was a miniature portrait of the Emperor, executed by a poor slave, who had only seen him once. In all that concerned resemblance and minuteness, it was a most surprising work: in Moscow, imitations of the Maltese and Venetian chains were offered for sale, capable of deceiving any one but a goldsmith. Our Birmingham manufactory of jewellery and trinket-work is infinitely surpassed by them; the difference is, that what in Birmingham is done by fifty hands, is done in Moscow by one. They imitate our patents, Bramah's locks, for example, with a most surprising fidelity, equally good, and infinitely cheaper. Even to the fine arts, they carry this imitation. A picture by one of the great masters was borrowed by one of the Russian nobility from his friend. The nobleman who owned the picture had impressed his