plans, although they should receive subsequent orders from their own sovereigns to the contrary*." The prince adverting next to his own abilities as an officer, and knowing that a man of whom he has not the highest opinion as a General has risen to an imperial diadem, reasons again, why may not I be equally successful, provided I can take care to get such an army at my disposal as will enable me, at a future opportunity, to carry into execution an object, of which no person at present appears aware? Nor will the maintenance of this army cost me any thing, except my present Swedes, and for these, the subsidies from England will be more than amply sufficient for the immediate subsistence of my troops. What I have lost by the sale of my state jewels, will be easily regained when the exchange on England shall have become higher, which since the fall of Hamburgh has sunk too low for me to permit the bills, received from England, to be negociated at present. Thus we see the Prince Royal has as much an eye to matters of a pecuniary nature as any other man, and is fully sensible of the value of good bills. So much for the reasoning of the Crown Prince of Sweden for not having afforded any assistance to Hamburgh and the Allies at the time alluded to; and if we consider minutely what has been said on this subject, we cannot but suppose that some mighty project is forming, or perhaps already formed, in the capacious mind of that Prince; and what important events may not therefore be expected to proceed from that quarter, with such a force as there will be assembled, and with such a man to direct its operation for the accomplishing the grand views that may be supposed to rest in his bosom! Time will alone prove how far is here divined the true cause of the long inactivity of that Ally. On the 3d of March a treaty with the Crown Prince* had * How far a patriotic Russian or Prussian General would have consented to take such an oath, the public must judge of, nevertheless, such was decidedly the intention of the Crown Prince of Sweden. +TREATY WITH SWEDEN. In the name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity. His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the King of Sweden, equally animated with the desire of drawing closer the ties of friendship and good intelligence which so happily subsist between them, and penetrated with the urgent necessity of establishing with each other a close concert for the maintenance of the independence of the North, and in order to accelerate the so-much-wished-for epocha of a general Peace, have agreed to provide for this twofold object by the present Treaty. For this purpose they have been signed at Stockholm, and on the 24th engagements between chosen for their Plenipotentiaries, namely, His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, in the name and on the behalf of His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland, the Hon. Alexander Hope, Major-General of His Majesty's Armies; and Edward Thornton, Esq. his Envoy Extraordinary, and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Sweden; and His Majesty the King of Sweden, Lawrence Count d'Engestrom, one of the Lords of the Kingdom of Sweden, Minister of State and for Foreign Affairs, Chancellor of the University of Lund, Knight Commander of the King's Orders, Knight of the Royal Order of Charles XIII. Great Eagle of the Legion of Honour of France; and Gustavus Baron de Wetterstedt, Chancellor of the Court, Commander of the Order of the Polar Star, one of the Eighteen of the Swedish Academy; who, after having exchanged their respeciive full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following articles :— Art. I. His Majesty the King of Sweden engages to employ a corps of not less than 30,000 men in a direct operation upon the Continent against the common enemies of the two high contracting parties. This army shall act in concert with the Russian troops placed under the command of his Royal Highness the Prince Royal of Sweden, according to stipulations to this effect already existing between the Courts of Stockholm and St. Petersburgh. Art. II. The said Courts have communicated to his Britannic Majesty the engagements subsisting between them, and having formally demanded his said Majesty's accession thereto, and his Majesty the King of Sweden having, by the stipulations contained in the preceding article, given a proof of the desire which animates him to contribute also on his part to the success of the common cause; his Britannic Majesty being desirous in return to give an immediate and unequivocal proof of his resolution to join his interests to those of Sweden and Russia, promises and engages by the present Treaty to accede to the conventions already existing between these two powers, insomuch that his Britannic Majesty will not only not oppose any obstacle to the annexation and union in perpetuity of the kingdom of Norway as an integral part to the kingdom of Sweden, but also will assist the views of his Majesty the King of Sweden to that effect, either by his good offices, or by employing, if it should be necessary, his naval co-operation in concert with the Swedish or Russian forces. It is, nevertheless, to be understoood, that recourse shall not be had to force for effecting the union of Norway to Sweden, unless his Majesty the King of Denmark shall have previously refused to join the alliance of the North, upon the conditions stipulated in the engagements subsisting between the Courts of Stockholm and St. Petersburgh; and his Majesty the King of Sweden engages, that this union shall take place with every possible regard and consideration for the happiness and liberty of the people of Norway. Art. III.-In order to give more effect to the engagements contracted by his Majesty the King of Sweden, in the first article of the present treaty, which have for object, direct operations against the common enemies of the two powers, and in order to put his Swedish Majesty in a state to begin without loss of time, and as soon as the season shall permit, the said operations, his Britannic Majesty engages to furnish to his Majesty the King of Sweden, (independently of other succours which general circumstances may place at his disposal) for the service of the campaign of the present year, as well as for the equipment, the transport, and maintenance of his troops, the sum of one million sterling, payable at London monthly, to the agent who shall be authorised by his Swedish Majesty to receive the same, in such manner as not to exceed the payment of 200,0001. sterling each month, until the whole shall be paid. the courts of St Petersburgh* and Stockholm: by the latter it ap Art. IV. It is agreed between the two high contracting parties, that an advance, of which the amount and the time of payment shall be determined between them, and which is to be deducted from the million before stipulated, shall be made to his Majesty the King of Sweden for the "mise en campagne," and for the first march of the troops; the remainder of the before-mentioned succours are to commence from the day of the landing of the Sweedish army, as it is stipulated by the two high contracting parties in the first article of the present treaty. Art. V.-The two high contracting parties being desirous of giving a solid and lasting guarantee to their relations, as well political as commercial, his Britannic Majesty, animated with a desire to give to his ally evident proofs of his sincere friendship, consents to cede to his Majesty the King of Sweden, and to his successors to the Crown of Sweden, in the order of succession established by his said Majesty, and the States-General of his kingdom, under date the 26th of September, 1810, the possession of Guadaloupe in the West Indies, and to transfer to his Swedish Majesty all the rights of his Britannic Majesty over that island, in so far as his said Majesty actually possesses the same. This colony shall be given up to the Commissioners of his Majesty the King of Sweden in the course of the month of August of the present year, or three months after the landing of the Swedish troops on the Continent; the whole to take place according to the conditions agreed upon between the two high contracting parties, in the separate article annexed to the present treaty. Art. VI. As a reciprocal consequence of what has been stipulated in the preceding article, his Majesty the King of Sweden engages to grant, for the space of twenty years, to take date from the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, to the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, the right of entrepot in the ports of Gottenburgh, Carlshamn, and Stralsund, (whenever this last mentioned place shall return under the Swedish dominion,) for all commodities, productions, or merchandize, whether of Great-Britain or her colonies, laden on board British or Swedish vessels. The said commodities or merchandize, whether they be of such kind as may be introduced and subject to duty in Sweden, or whether their introduction be prohibited, shall pay without distinction, as duty of entrepot, one per cent. ad valorem, upon entry, and the same upon discharge. As to every other particular relating to this object, the general regulations existing in Sweden shall be conformed to; treating always the subjects of his Britannic Majesty upon the footing of the most favoured nations. Art. VII. From the day of the signature of the present Treaty, his Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland, and his Majesty the King of Sweden, reciprocally promise not to separate their mutual interests, and particularly those of Sweden, which are referred to in the present Treaty, in any negociation whatever with their common enemies. Art. VIII. The ratifications of the present Treaty shall be exchanged at Stockholm within four weeks, or sooner, if possible. In faith of which, we, the undersigned, in virtue of our full powers, have Done at Stockholm, the 3d March, in the year of our Lord, 1813. EDW. THORNTON. (L. S.) Substance of the Engagements between the Courts of St. Petersburgh and Stockholm, signed at St. Petersburgh the 24th of March 1812, so far as the same VOL. II. Kk pears that more than three months before Buonaparte invaded Russia, the courts of Petersburgh and Stockholm had engaged to make a diversion in Germany against France and her allies, with an united force of between 40 and 50,000 men: but as this diversion could not be securely made whilst Norway could be re'garded as the enemy of Sweden, Russia engaged, either by negociation or military co-operation, to unite that kingdom to Sweden. are referred to in the Treaty between his Majesty and the King of Sweden, signed at Stockholm on the 3d of March 1813. "The object of the Emperor of Russia and the King of Sweden in forming an alliance, is stated to be for the purpose of securing reciprocally their States and possessions against the common enemy. "The French Government having, by the occupation of Swedish Pomerania, committed an act of hostility against the Swedish Government, and by the movements of its armies, having menaced the tranquillity of the Empire of Russia, the contracting parties engage to make a diversion against France and her allies, with a combined force of twenty-five or thirty thousand Swedes, and of fifteen or twenty thousand Russians, upon such point of the coast of Germany as may be judged most convenient for that purpose. "As the King of Sweden cannot make this diversion in favour of the common cause consistently with the security of his own dominions, so long as he can regard the kingdom of Norway as an enemy, his Majesty the Emperor of Russia engages, either by negociation or by military co-operation, to unite the kingdom of Norway to Sweden. He engages, moreover, to guarantee the peaceable possession of it to his Swedish Majesty. "The two contracting parties engage to consider the acquisition of Norway by Sweden as a preliminary military operation to the diversion on the coast of Germany, and the Emperor of Russia promises to place for this object, at the disposal and under the immediate orders of the Prince Royal of Sweden, the corps of Russian troops above stipulated. "The two contracting parties being unwilling, if it can be avoided, to make an enemy of the King of Denmark, will propose to that Sovereign to accede to this alliance, and will offer to his Danish Majesty to procure for him a complete indemnity for Norway, by a territory more contiguous to his German dominions, provided his Danish Majesty will accede for ever his rights on the kingdom of Norway to the King of Sweden. "In case his Danish Majesty shall refuse this offer, and shall have decided to remain in alliance with France, the two contracting parties engage to consider Denmark as their enemy. "As it has been expressly stipulated that the engagements of his Swedish Majesty to operate with his troops in Germany, in favour of the common cause, shall not take effect until after Norway shall have been acquired by Sweden, either by the cession of the King of Denmark, or in consequence of military operations, his Majesty the King of Sweden engages to transport his army into Germany, according to a plan of campaign to be agreed upon, as soon as the above object shall have been attained. "His Britannic Majesty to be invited by both powers to accede to, and to guarantee the stipulation contained in the said Treaty. "By a subsequent convention, signed at Abo, the 30th of August, 1812, the Russian auxiliary force was to be carried to 35,000 men.” The acquisition of Norway was to be considered as a preliminary operation to the diversion in Germany. An indemnity was to be offered to Denmark in Germany, if she would cede Norway. If she refused, she was then to be considered as an enemy. GreatBritain was invited to accede to and guarantee the above stipulations. Nearly one year after the conclusion of the Treaty between Russia and Sweden, Great-Britain concluded a treaty with the latter, by which she acceded to the conventions existing between her and Russia. It should be remarked that she effected a change in one of the stipulations between Russia and Sweden. The operation in Germany by her treaty was to be preliminary to the acquisition of Norway instead of being subsequent to it, as had been arranged in the treaty between Russia and Sweden. It was well known that France had made every effort and offer to attach Sweden to her cause: this was done in the first instance by intimidation, in the seizure of Pomerania, and that measure was soon followed by an offer of the restoration of Finland if Sweden would co-operate with France against Russia. These proposals were not made directly, but through the agents of a neutral power. At that period it was expected policy would induce Russia to restore Finland, in order to secure the co-operation of Sweden, but the important view in which Finland was considered to the security of the Russian capital, prevented the fulfilment of this expectation. Under these circumstances, the government of Sweden was placed in a peculiar situation, and in uniting itself with Russia against France, was apparently actuated by a wish to maintain inviolate the national honour and independence. It was at this period, before any treaty between Great-Britain and Sweden had been proposed, that the treaty between Sweden and Russia was concluded, by which both made common cause against France; but with a view to the security of Sweden, it was stipulated that Norway should be in the first instance conquered for Sweden, and that afterwards a diversion by a conjoint force should be made on the Continent. To this treaty Great-Britain was invited to accede. It should be here considered whether Russia and Sweden were morally justifiable in forming those engagements; whether they were or were not justifiable in so doing, would Great-Britain have been justified in acceding to the treaty? and were these engagements favourable or unfavourable to the interests of this country? Russia and Sweden were perfectly justifiable in the treaty they had concluded; for Denmark was leagued at the time in confederacy |