by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; south by Italy; west by France. In government, it is a Federal Republic, consisting of twenty-two can

tons.

9. Yenisei, Obi, Amoor, Yang-tse-Kiang, Hoang-ho, are five large rivers of Asia. Pekin, Canton, Calcutta, Bombay, Tokio, are five large cities.

10. Cuba and Porto Rico belong to Spain; Jamaica to Great Britain; Hayti consists of two independent republics.

GRAMMAR.-1. English Grammar is the science which treats of the English language. It deals with the principles upon which the language is constructed and with the interpretation of thought. To pursue this subject intelligently, pupils must have that maturity of mind which will enable them to reason, to generalize, to draw conclusions. The large majority of pupils do not reach this stage before the first year of the high-school course.

2. (a) The simple relative generally refers to a definite antecedent expressed: as, They never fail who die in a just cause. (b) The compound relative combines the office of antecedent and relative: as, He heard what pleased him. (c) When the antecedent is still more indefinite, the forms whoever, whichever, etc., are used. These are called indefinite relatives; as, Whoever will may coue.

3. James's, enemy's, father-in-law's, Queen of England's, somebody else's.

4. "I shall receive whoever comes," is correct. The object of shall receive is the clause whoever comes.

5. Subjunctive

Present: If I be, if thou be, if he be, if we, you or they be.
Past: If I were, if thou were or wert, if he were, etc.

Past Perf: If I had been, if thou had been, if he had been, etc.
Potential-Synopsis-

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I may be, I might be, I may have been, I might have been. 6. (a) This result, of all others, is most to be dreaded," is incorrect: It should be, "This result is more to be dreaded than all others," or, "This result is to be dreaded most of all." (b) "This expression is preferable," or, "This is the preferable expression." Preferable itself implies comparison.

7. "Language was given us that we might say pleasant things to one another," is a complex declarative sentence, of which language is the subject nominative unmodified, aud the rest of the sentence is the logical predicate. Was given is the predicate verb, modified by the indirect object us, and also by the adverbial clause of purpose, that we might say pleasant things to one another. Of this clause, we is subject nominative unmodified; might say is predicate verb, modified by the object things and by the prepositional phrase to one another; that is the subordinate connective.

8. (a) An adverb of manner, modifying writes. (b) An adverb of affirmation, modifying or emphasizing the statement, “He is here." 9. "Who say ye that I am," because who must be in the nominative case after am.

IO. “The reason why he came is evident." Why is a conjunctive adverb and modifies came. It is equivalent to for which, making its clause perform the office of an adjective modifying reason.

V

MISCELLANY.

THE MEETING of Superintendents of N. Indiana and S. Michigan, at Elkhart, Dec. 5th, was not very largely attended, but the discussions were pointed and highly profitable. The next meeting will be held at Laporte, not later than February 15th.

THE CENTRAL NORMAL, at Danville, is moving on smoothly with an attendance of over three hundred. This is one of the few normal schools that is on a firm financial basis. It has achieved success. Mrs. F. P. Adams is principal, and Mr. C. A. Hargrave is secretary.

JASPER CO.-Supt. D. M. Nelson has issued outlines for township institutes intended to supplement those furnished by the state department. These outlines are excellent-among the best we have seen.

CLAY CO. The teachers of Clay county held their third annual association at Brazil Dec. 18-19. It was well attended and there was not a failure in any of the exercises, which were uniformly good. R. H. Crouch presided with promptness. Supt. Wilkinson is hard at work and giving good satisfaction. More than 75 teachers in this county belong to the Reading Circle.

ST. JOSEPH Co.-Supt. Moon has issued a manual containing outlines for institutes, including outlines for the Reading Circle work. These ontlines are very full, and one-half the time of the institute is devoted to the Reading Circle work. This is one of the best organized ɔounties in the state.

Supt. Hailman, of LaPorte, will hold the next session of his summer school at Grand Rapids, Mich. A number of prominent educators have joined him in his enterprise, and this school has been largely extended in scope. It will hereafter be known as the "Western school

of Primary Methods."

THE International Magazine, EDUCATION, published by the New England Publishing Company, 3 Somerset St., Boston, and devoted to the Science, Art, Philosophy, and Literature of Education is at hand, and contains an unusual amount of valuable reading for thoughtful readers on education. Its articles, both home and foreign, are valu

able contributions to the literature which the New England Publishing Company have done so much toward elevating and extending.

VALPARAISO-RED RIBBON DAY.

DEAR SIR :-According to promise, I send you an account of our "Red Ribbon" day.

The

The first and second primaries of our school hold, on the last Friday afternoon of each month, joint sessions, alternating between the two rooms. Last month the session was held in room 1, room 2 participating in the exercises, which consisted of recitations, songs, &c. culminating point was reached when the "Roll of Honor" was called. The "Roll" consisted of the names of all pupils who had been neither tardy nor absent for one month.

Each child as its name was called, walked triumphantly forward and received a red ribbon from the hands of its teacher. We introduced this plan into our school October, 1884, and have so far seen only good results. Parents have become interested, and every "Red Ribbon" day brings to us visitors whose presence encourages pupils and teachers. Care must be taken in the exercises to have no fa lures. Every piece must be suited to the capacity of the child, and well committed. Timid children must be supported and encouraged by the teacher, until they feel at home, and talk naturally. We encourage no elocutionary dis

play, but strive for simplicity and naturainess.

The children know that the ribbon of itself is of no value-a penny buying a yard, such as they receive—but they prize it because they feel that they earn it. It teaches them promptness, which if followed through life, cannot fail to bring its reward.

MRS. CARRIE A. RAY, Teacher Room 1.
MISS MAGGIE C. BIER, Teacher Room 2.

MEETING OF READING CIRCLE COMMITTEE.

An interesting meeting of the Reading Circle Board was held on Friday evening, Dec. 11th, at the Grand Hotel, and continued next day at the Department of Public Instruction.

There was presented to the Committee an order of the State Board of Education, requiring county superintendents to receive the results of the Reading Circle examination of any year in the place of the examination in Theory and Practice, and agreeing to receive the results of the entire work in the place of the State examination in that part of the work. A vote of thanks was rendered to the State Board for this recognition.

The subject of Examinations was considered; acting as a committee of the whole, the grading of MSS. received attention.

The names of those who were successful in all or a part of the work are as follows: Catharine Andrews, William Bowman, Emma Bernhart, M. D. Bowlsen, Frank M. Beard, A. S. Berlingmier, Lewis Chamberlin, Mary Collett, Allie M. Crowder, Carry Cory, Laura B. Carty, Joseph Combs, R. V. Oarlin, Florence Dowd, Carrie Dowd, Wm. M. Daughters, Wm. Eldridge, W. H. Elson, Anna J. Edwards, Alma Fisher, M. S. Fautsch, Leva Foster, E. M. Fisher, Jennie Glezen, Wm. Greist, J. H. Gardner, Peter Greist, John Heany, Emma Hinchman, C. W. Hodson, Elmer Honey, M. H. Hinkle, W. P. Hall, Isaac Humberd, A. H. Hopkins, Lizzie Hertsch, N. F. Haskett, L. H. Hadley, Anna Hobbs, Libbie Jayne, A. J. King, Harvey Lucas, Ada B. Lucas, George E. Long, C. W. McClure, D. C. McClerry, S. B.McCracken, Ezra Mattingly, Mary McKenzie, R. M. Milburn, Amanda Nicholson, Rosa Newlin, John M. Nash, B. A. Ogden, Flay Owens, Marietta Parker, Fannie Peyton, E. A. Robinson, Lulie Rutledge, Mattie M. Ramsey, Ryland Ratliff, William Sheets, F. L. Sampson, Eanise Severin, A. B. Stephens, W. S. Stevens, W. S, Sims, Amos Sanders, Emma Shealy, James Shaw, Jr., Anna R. Sanders, May Tucker, J. C. Trent, Alice Titlow, Amanda Tyner, Emma G. Tee, Emma Wagner, Otto White, Mary D. Warner Fannie Watts, Maggie Weeks.

INDIANA TEACHERS' READING CIRCLE-OUTLINES.

D

SCIENCE OF TEACHING.

Hewett's Pedagogy-Pages 140 to 158.

WORK FOR JANUARY.-The subject is the art of school-management and the science and art of school-government. The elements of good management are thorough knowledge of the situation, kindness, promptness decision of action and tact. These, with the exception of knowledge of the situation, are very largely natural endowments, but they are capable of cultivation. Proficiency in management must be acquired by practice. What shall be done in managing an individual case can not be settled in advance of it. Each case must be determined by the good sense and discretion of the teacher on its own merits.

School-government is a science, as well as an art, and as a science is capable of being taught. As an art it must, like management (the mode of its application), be learned by practice.

TERMS TO BE DEFINED.-School-government; authority, on which school-government rests; relation of government to organization (government maintains organization).

Purpose of school-government—Order and discipline. To regulate

play; to regulate pupils on road to and from home; to regulate the recitation; to regulate the study hour.

Type of school-government-Hand of steel in a glove of velvet; " "suaviter in modo, fortiter in re."

Qualities of good government-Knowledge of all that transpires; mildness; firmness; sympathy; and impersonal character.

Means-Plenty of well-adapted work; skillful manipulation; correct public opinion among pupils; cooperation of parents; use of authority and punishment; personal influence of teacher.

Motives to be appealed to-Self-respect; respect for others, including constituted authority; love of activity, including love of knowledge; love of power (emulation of ideal standards, but not of fellow-pupils for sake of beating ").

Habits to be cultivated-Obedience, order and reverence.

Characteristic Mainly preventive, incidentally punitive.

OPINIONS CONCERNING SCHOOL-GOVERNMENT. "As to schoolroom misdemeanors, I make the punishment the same nature as the offense. As a privilege is abused, I deprive the pupil of that privilege." -J. H. Orcuit.

"Never give a command unless you are sure you can enforce it, nor unless you mean to see that it is obeyed."-7. G. Fitch.

"A thoroughly organized, well-treated school, under a quick eye and a ready ear, seldom needs punishment."-C. M. Ranger.

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“Eternal vigilance' is the price of good order."-J. W. McKinnon. Corporal punishment is a delicate and serious measure in schoolmanagement, and would better, in most cases, be relegated to the homes."-Aaron Gove.

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"The means of government are arrangement, method and order; vigilance, emulation, praise, and dispraise; favor and disgrace, hope and fear; rewards and punishments; and especially guarding against whatever is tedious, difficult, operose and irksome, and rendering every task prescribed to the scholar short, simple, easy, adapted and intelligible.” -Dr. Andrew Bell, founder of Monitorial System.

"Great rewards, says Montesquieu, betoken a falling state; the same is true of great punishments in the school-house."—Richter.

"Never speak of evil till the necessity for it unfortunately exists."Locke.

"Disebedience in school is traceable to some omission, inconsiderateness, hastiness of temper or want of firmness in the teacher"—Jos. Lancaster.

"Government should be adapted to the variety of temperament and difference in character of the children."-Horace Grant.

―:0:

BROOKS' MENTAL SCIENCE.

Subject: Cultivation of the Intuitions of the True and Beautiful -pp. 390-404. I. TERMS TO Be DistinguishED.-1. Reasoning and the Reason: (a) The former is called speculative; the latter, practical. (b) "In