QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

QUESTIONS PREPARED BY STATE BOARD FOR JUNE.

[These questions are based on the Reading Circle work of last season.]

WRITING AND SPELLING.-The penmanship shown in the manuscript of the entire examination will be graded on a scale of 100, with reference to legibility (50), regularity of form (30), and neatness (20). The hand-writing of each applicant will be considered in itself, rather than with reference to standard models.

The orthography of the entire examination will be graded on a scale of 100, and I will be deducted for each word incorrectly written.

SCIENCE OF TEACHING.--Select any five questions. 1. What is the distinction between judgment and reasoning?

2. What is the function of oral reading? Of silent reading?

3. What objects does concert reading aim to secure? To what abuse is it liable?

4. What is the reason for teaching in geography the immediate surroundings?

5. What should be the order of teaching mathematical, political and physical geography? Why?

6. In what studies in the common school course is the imagination most frequently exercised?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.-I. When several nouns modify the same noun and denote separate possession, how is the possession indicated? Cæsar were no lion were not Romans hinds. Goes Duncan hence to-morrow? What is the tense of each of the italicised words? Give the time expressed by each.

2.

3. In what mode is the verb in each of the above sentences? Why? 4. How are adjectives and adverbs alike? What is the chief difference between them?

5. Colonel Fremont rode eight hundred miles in eight days. What is the use of the italicised phrase?

6. Analyze: The castle clock had told midnight, when a soft strain of music stole up from the garden. Parse had told in the above

sentence.

7. Correct the following, assigning reasons: (a) Where is he going to? (b) I have been in town yesterday. (c) Whom say ye that I am?

8. The boy is running wild. The boy is running about wildly. Why is the adjective used in one sentence and the adverb in the other? 9. What is the essential difference between a simple and a compound relative pronoun?

IO. The blue sky is above us. Ten summers had passed by. How does each italicised word modify its noun?

HISTORY.-Give an account of the settlement of the New England colonies, taking into consideration the causes that led to the settlement of each, and the effects of these causes upon the subsequent character of the people and State. Answer not to exceed four pages.

PHYSIOLOGY.-Describe in detail the organs of digestion in man; the digestive fluids and the function of each; and trace some common article of food from the mouth till its constituents find place in the system.

READING.-1. How much time should be spent in the preparation of the reading lesson, as compared with the arithmetic lesson, (1) in the primary class, (2) in the intermediate class, (3) in the advanced class?

2.

Name three prominent methods of teaching primary reading and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.

3. Name three things concerning a lesson that the pupil should be able to do before attempting to read it aloud.

4. What process do you pursue in teaching children the use of the dictionary?

5. (a). Name three periodicals of a juvenile character, published in the United States, that you consider proper to be placed in the hands of young people?

(b). How much attention should be paid to elocution in the ordinary reading lesson? Give reasons for your answer.

ARITHMETIC.-1. A lady distributed $231.00 among the poor, giving $28% to each person; how many were there? What is analysis in arithmetic?

2.

12% 3%
-X-
41% 6

Reduce to lowest terms.

When are numbers prime to each other?

Ans; 5. anal. 5.

6; 4.

3. The circumference of the fore wheel of a wagon is 12.75 feet, and of the hind wheel 14.25 feet; how many revolutions does one make more than the other in going a mile?

ΙΟ

4. (789-.789)÷(.75—.075X.75 of 8.) Reduce to simplest form.

10

5. Mr. A's income averages 4 cents a minute; what will be the amount during the three summer months?

6. What is the value of 3 of a mile in integers of a lower denomination?

7. What will 13A., 2R., 35P of land cost, at $17.28 per acre? ΙΟ 8. How much will be due July 1, 1885, on a note for $1,000, dated June 16, 1882, interest payable annually at 7 %.

10

9. Extract the square root of .065536.

1Ο

IO. What is the entire surface of a cube whose cubical contents are 91125 cubic feet?

ΙΟ

GEOGRAPHY.-I. Give the boundaries of Russia. Name its three chief productions. What is peculiar about the domestic commerce of Russia?

2. Draw a map of New York, showing the Hudson River, the Mohawk, the Adirondack Mountains and the Catskills.

3. Give an idea of the climate and agricultural products of Australia. 4. Name five of the most important cities of British America and tell one important fact about each.

5. Give briefly the physical characteristics of Scotland, and show what bearing, if any, these have on the character of the Scotch people.

6. Name all the countries of South America that do not touch Brazil; two products of the Argentine Republic.

7. In what direction is Berlin from Madrid? Dublin (Ireland) from St. Petersburg? Cincinnati from Detroit? Rio Janeiro from Paris? 8. Indicate the tobacco and hemp regions of North America. Same of rice, cotton and wheat.

9. Locate St. Paul, Pekin, Brussels, Vienna and Marseilles, stating one important fact about each.

10. Explain what is meant by zones, meridians, polar circles, parallels, and tropics.

ANSWERS TO PRECEDING QUESTIONS.

GRAMMAR.-I. By annexing the apostrophe and letter "s" to each of the modifying nouns.

2. Were expresses present time, but is past tense in form.

Goes is present tense in form, but expresses future time.

3. Goes is in the indicative mode, because it inquires about a fact; were is in the subjunctive mode, in a conditional clause, and implies that the statement is contrary to fact.

4. Both add something to the meaning of the words which they qualify, and both admit of comparison: but adjectives qualify nouns and pronouns, while adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. An adverb is also often used as a connective.

5. It is an adverbial modifier denoting distance, and limits the verb rode.

6. This is a complex declarative sentence, of which "The castle clock had told midnight" is the principal clause, and "when a soft strain of music stole up from the garden" is the subordinate clause. The conjunctive adverb when is the connective; stole is modified by the adverb "up," and also by the prepositional phrase "from the garden," &c.

Had told is a verb, irregular, transitive, active voice, indicative mode, past perfect tense, third person and singular number, to agree with its subject, clock, &c.

7. a. "Where is he going?" Where means to "what place," and consequently "to" is superfluous.

b. "I was in town yesterday," the statement of a past fact.

C.

“Who say ye that I am?" Who is predicate with am and should be in the nominative case.

8. The first describes the noun boy; the second describes the action of the verb.

9. The simple relative has its antecedent expressed in the same sentence. The compound relative involves the antecedent in itself.

10. The first is a descriptive adjective, telling what kind of sky. The second is a definitive numeral adjective limiting the noun summers. GEOGRAPHY..-1. (a) Russia is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean; east, by the Ural Mountains and Caspian Sea, separating it from Asia; south, by the Caucasus Mountains and the Black Sea; west, by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the German Empire, Baltic Sea, Sweden and Norway. (b.) Wheat, hemp and flax. (c.) Much of the domestic commerce of Russia is carried on by means of fairs, which are frequented by traders from all parts of Europe and Asia.

3. In the northern part of Australia the climate is exceedingly hot: in the interior dry. The trees, mostly evergreens, from the peculiar habit of the leaves, which turn their edges to the sun, afford little shade. The native plants are seldom suitable food for man, but wheat, maize, the vine, sugar-cane and tropical fruits have been successfully cultivated. Cotton is also raised.

4. Ottawa is the capital of the Dominion of Canada, and contains the government buildings. Quebec is the oldest city of Canada, and is a great lumber mart. Montreal is the largest city of Canada, and is distinguished for its handsome churches. Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, has one of the best harbors in the world. Victoria, on Vancouver Island, is the capital of British Columbia.

5. Scotland is a rough, mountainous country, consisting of the Highlands in the north, and in the south the Lowlands, which are only less rugged, yet still hilly. The mountaineers have always been disinguished by their courage, fortitude, and love of liberty. They are clannish, a spirit attributable largely to the narrow sections formed by the crossing of the hills. The barren soil, making it difficult of cultivation, has fostered habits of industry and frugality.

6. (a.) Patagonia and Chili. (b.) Wool, hides, tallow, sheep

skins.

7. Berlin is northeast of Madrid; Dublin is southwest of St. Petersburg: Cincinnati is southwest of Detroit; Rio Janeiro is southwest from Paris.

8. The hemp and tobacco regions of North America are chiefly in the central part of the Mississippi basin, and east of the Appalachian Mountains, in the States of Virginia and North Carolina. The great rice region lies along the Atlantic coast in the Carolinas and Georgia. Cotton grows in the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic States. Wheat grows abundantly in the North Central United States, extending into the British Province of Manitoba. It also grows in the valleys of California and the Columbia River.

9. St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota, and is situated in the southeastern part of the State, on the Mississippi River. Pekin, the capital of the Chinese Empire and the largest city of Asia, is situated in the northeast part of China. Brussels, the capital of Belgium, and a great manufacturing center, is in the central part of that country. Vienna, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, is situated in the western part of Austria, on the Danube. Is is the third city of Europe in population. Marseilles, in the southern part of France, on the coast of the Mediterranean, is the chief commercial city.

10. Zones are climatic belts upon the earth's surface. Meridians are great circles extending north and south, and marking divisions of longitude. Polar circles are parallels, 2312° from the poles, marking the farthest limit of the sun's illumination. Parallels are small circles extending east and west around the globe, and used to mark divisions of latitude. The tropics are parallels 2312° on each side of the equator, marking the limits of the sun's vertical illumination.

SCIENCE OF TEACHING.-I. Judgment is a process of direct or immediate comparison; reasoning is a process of indirect or mediate comparison. Judgment deals with only two objects of thought. Reason deals with three objects of thought. Judgment employs only one proposition; reasoning employs three propositions. Judgment compares only objects of thought or ideas; reasoning may be regarded as comparing judgments as well as ideas. One infers from a comparison of objects or ideas; the other infers from a comparison of relations.-Brooks.

2. To express the thoughts and feelings of the printed page in such a way that the listener may get it.

To interpret the thoughts and feelings of the printed page.

3. Correct articulation, correct pronunciation, good tone of voice, good expression.

The weaker pupils are liable to depend on the stronger ones. They are, therefore, liable to read without getting the proper thought.

4. To enable the pupil to comprehend things he can not see by means of maps and printed language.

5. No one of these can be taught with profit, exclusive of the others, to children. In local geography all three are used.

Geography and history.