ments were to be presented to the Secretary of War early in 1923. Inasmuch as the city of Louisville was not in a position to make the full utilization of the power, it was anticipated that the Federal Power Commission would decide the case in favor of the Louisville Hydro-Electric Co., which had been the actual applicant for the power project, in which case the dam would be arranged to provide the generating station with hydraulic power.

GRAND DISCHARGE DAM, QUEBEC. The construction of a dam at the Grand Discharge from Lake St. John, the headwaters of the Saguenay River, for the development of 200,000 electrical h.p., was provided for in a contract awarded during the year by the Provincial Government of Quebec. The cost of the project was estimated at $12,000,000 and it was expected that the work would require two or three years. The Grand Discharge Dam, it was stated, was the initial step involved in a large project for the development of 1,000,000 h.p. of electrical energy. LOCH RAVEN DAM, BALTIMORE. During the year the height of the Loch Raven Dam for the Baltimore Water supply was raised so that it reached a height of 103 feet above bedrock with provisions for later carrying the dam still higher. The original Loch Raven Dam was built on the Gunpowder River, in 1881, of stone and was but 25 feet in height above the bed of the stream. In 1912 a new dam was put under construction about half a mile north of the old dam, and afforded a total storage capacity of one and a half million gallons when it was completed in 1914. This dam, however, had its down-stream face stepped and beyond the stones grooves were provided for raising the dam to a greater height when it was deemed necessary. In April, 1921, a contract was awarded for increasing the height of the dam and this work, completed during the following year, gave an overall length of 640 feet with spillway openings having a total length of 280 feet. This work also was susceptible of extension in the way of securing increased height and broadening the dam. The total cost of the dam was in the neighborhood of $1,025,000.

EMSWORTH DAM. This new structure in the Ohio River near Pittsburgh, Pa., was the first fixed dam to be built in this river and replaced the former dams Nos. 1 and 2. It was designed to improve the port and harbor facilities of Pittsburgh.

SCITUATE DAM. This earth fill dam for the Providence R. I. water supply was under active construction during the year.

CAMARASA DAM. During the year engineers were interested in published descriptions of the Camarasa Dam which formed a reservoir for the Rio Noguera Pallaresa in the Pyrenees Mountains of northern Spain, 80 miles northeast of Barcelona. This was one of the highest dams in the world and the highest dam in Europe, rising to a height of 333 feet, bedrock to crest, and containing 285,000 cubic yards of cyclopean concrete. It is 270 feet wide at the base and 13 feet wide at the crest, which was widened to 21 feet to provide a roadway and foot walk, the length on the top being 460 feet. This dam is of gravity section and arched on a radius of 1000 feet. Its site was selected on the Noguera Pallaresa River, 1000 feet above the junction of that stream with the Rio Segre. By means of this dam a head of water is created that gener

ates 88,000 h.p. at the Camarasa project. The dam was built during the war under unusual conditions, construction having been commenced in 1917, but by means of a complete organization and equipment it was completed within three years.

The Rio Noguera Pallaresa, rising as it does in the high Pyrenees Mountains, had been selected as a source of power, and by means of various dams and power plants power generating stations have been located four times in a distance of 64 miles. For the Camarasa Dam the site was selected in a very narrow part of a deep gorge, so that it was necessary to place the spillway adjacent to the south abutment of the dam and a headworks controlling the flow to the power house on the opposite side of the north abutment. A canal and tunnel was located to carry the water to a forebay which was a continuation of the tunnel directly above the power house site on the north wall of the gorge, and by means of five penstocks in tunnels reaching from the forebay to the turbine floor the requisite drop was achieved.

The dam site was situated at a considerable distance from a settlement of adequate size to accommodate the construction force, which at times amounted to 10,000 persons, so that it was necessary to provide special camps and construction plants adjoining the work. Power lines were run to the work from outside sources and a special cement plant was built at the site of the dam, while special quarries were maintained to supply material. The cement was mixed on the site and chuted into place from mixers, while there were derricks and cableways to handle the plums and other rocks, which were placed in the fresh concrete, forming about 15 per cent of the cyclopean concrete and reducing the cost materially. Considerable tunneling in excavation was involved on account of the restricted area of the site, but the work progressed without undue difficulties and was finished promptly.

The power house was founded on bedrock on the north side of the river, and also required considerable excavation. The five penstocks fed from the forebay and made of steel 8 feet, 5 inches in diameter were placed in tunnels with surrounding concrete which were excavated in the side of the gorge. At the upper ends of these penstocks there are stop gates and large gate valves at the turbine connection. With the reservoir flow to within a point 6.5 feet of the dam, the total head of 270 feet was developed.

This dam aroused considerable interest among American engineers and naturally comparisons were made with the various high dams built in the west by the U. S. Reclamation Service.

WAGGITAL DEVELOPMENT DAM. There was under construction during the year in Switzerland a concrete gravity dam of 318 feet maximum height or 220 feet above the bottom of the valley with a volume of 280,000 cubic yards. This dam, for the construction of which some four years would be required, was planned for completion in October 1925, as it was an essential part of the Waggital Development where water was to be stored at considerable head. This plan involves a two stage high head development with a reservoir of 114,000 acre-feet capacity which will impound the total precipitation, even of a wet year, and hold it for use when the maximum energy output is required. Provision was

also made to pump up 27,000 acre-feet of water from the intermediate storage reservoir at Rempen, employing for this pumping summer night power from the surplus output from low pressure plants of the company. The reservoir will have available consumption supplies of 106,000 acre-feet for consumption sufficient to develop a total energy of 111.5 million kw. hours. This plant was only about 241⁄2 miles distant from the city of Zurich, which was a heavy consumer of power, and its construction was a joint enterprise of the city of Zurich and the Nordostschweizerische Kraftwerke.

FLORENCE DAM ON THE GILA RIVER. A construction somewhat novel in American design and methods of construction was a diversion dam for an irrigation canal built by the United States Indian Service across the Gila River near Florence, Arizona. This was a porous foundation dam of the floating weir type, familiar in British India, and in this special instance consisted of a floating slab concrete 396 feet in length, 212 feet wide, and varying from 2 to 5 feet in thickness. It was keyed to the rock on both sides of the river and supported the lower weir or dam, 10 feet in height of the same length of the slab, while in order to provide greater spillway capacity the crest of the dam was extended into the rock, forming the north bank, a distance of 120 feet. The dam and headworks were designed to pass a maximum flood of 150,000 sec. feet, which would flood a depth of 17 feet over the crest, and there was constructed a curtain-wall in front of the intake gate to avoid flooding the canal during high

water.

The dam was dedicated on May 9, in the presence of many Indians, the occasion being interesting in that it brought to an end the controversy between the Pima Indians and the white farmers as regards the irrigation waters of this valley. It was agreed that the water should be divided on a basis of 35,000 acres of irrigated lands for the Indians and 27,000 for the whites, the white farmers being assessed their pro rata share of the dam.

WANAQUE DAM. In the construction of the large earth dam which was being built in northern New Jersey to impound water for the City of Newark some interesting construction features developed during the year. The reservoir, so formed, is about 6 miles long, and designed to store not less than 11,000 million gallons so as to give a daily yield of some 50 million gallons. This earth dam described in the YEAR BOOK for 1920, article Dams, closes a valley about 1500 feet wide by means of an earth embankment. An essential feature of this earth embankment was a core-wall which was carried down to bedrock in a trench 20 feet wide, and at its maximum section 90 feet deep. The method employed was to excavate a trench, then line it with arch web, 35-pound steel piling, braced with timber. In this trench the concrete was deposited.

DAM FAILURE. The failure of two small dams in July 17, 1922 near Willimansett, Mass. did considerable damage to the residence section at Pleasantdale, causing a loss estimated at $500,000. The flood was due primarily to the failure of the west end of an earth dam with concrete core-wall at Langwald's Pond. Fairview. The water thus released passed into Robert's Pond approximately a half mile below

and carried away a dam at its down end. Thence the flood advanced through Willimansett Brook into Willimansett where it wrecked a number of buildings but was partly restrained by the embankment of the Boston & Maine R. R. The Langwald's Pond dam was of earth with a plain concrete core-wall and was 30 feet high by 300 feet long and 15 feet wide on top. The upstream slope was 3 to 1, while downstream it sloped 2 to 1 for about 10 feet and then 42 to 1 for the remaining distance. The failure of the dam was attributed to the undermin ing of the dam and core-wall by leaks or springs. The down dam was completely wrecked by the flood over its crest far beyond its capacity and strength. It also was an earth dam with an 18-inch puddle core between 2-inch sheathing.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. The literature dealing with dams and reservoirs was strengthened during the year by the appearance of the seventh edition of The Design and Construction of Dams by Edmund Wegmann. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1922.) This comprehensive treatise was brought up to date and includes discussion of recent structures as well as a comprehensive and complete bibliography. There are also diagrams illustrating the various types of masonry, bed. earth. rock filled, timber, and steel structures and the principal types of movable dams. DANISH LANGUAGE. See PHILOLOGY, MODERN.

DANISH LITERATURE. See SCANDINA

VIAN LITERATURE.

DANZIG. A free state, constituted by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919; formerly belonging to Germany. Area about 709 square miles; population, Oct. 8, 1919, 351,380, of whom seven per cent were Poles. Pursuant to article 1027 of the Treaty, the League of Nations etsablished its administration under a high commissioner. A constitution was formed and approved by the League of Nations, Nov. 17, 1920. For centuries, Danzig has been a great shipping point and grain centre, but during the war shipping was greatly reduced. Ships entered in 1913 numbered 5765 of 1,861,691 tons; in 1921, 3836 of 1,967,000 tons, of which 256,464 tons were British and 233,403 tons American. In 1913 there was no American tonnage and the German was 526,489. The local government provided by the constitution above-mentioned, consists of a Volkstag of a diet of 120 members, elected for 4 years, and a senate consisting of 20 senators, and a president and vice-president. The routine of administration is entirely directed by the president of the senate, who has highest authority in the state. High Commissioner at the beginning of 1922, General Sir Richard Haking.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. A non-sectarian institution of the higher learning, at Hanover, N. H.: founded in 1769. In the fall session of 1922, the enrollment was 2075, of whom all were in the college proper, with the exception of: 126, in the Tuck school; 17, Thayer school; 45, medical school; and 16 graduate students. The faculty numbered 172, of whom 28 were new appointments. The income was about $6,000,000. The library contained 175,000 volumes. In the fall of 1922 the freshman class was the first admitted under the operation of the new selective process.

DARVIN, LUCIUS F. C. Former governor of Rhode Island, died at Lonsdale, R. I., October 2. He was for many years a member of the

General Court. He was born at Nashville, Tenn. in 1841, prepared for college at Greensboro, N. C. and studied at Amherst College. During the war he served with a Massachusetts regiment and two years after the war's close, graduated at the Harvard Medical School. He practiced first at Pawtucket and afterwards at Lonsdale. He became prominent as a physician but later entering politics became widely known for his advocacy of labor legislation. He was governor of Rhode Island in 1902-3.

DAUMIG, ERNEST. See NECROLOGY. DAVIDS, THOMAS WILLIAM RHYS. See RHYS DAVIDS, THOMAS WILLIAM.

DAVIDSON, SIR ARTHUR. British military officer, died at Sandringham, England, in the latter part of October. He was born in 1856 and after an education in grammar schools entered the Rifles in 1876. He took part in the Afghan campaign and was present at the battle of Kandahar, winning a brevet and the Afghan medal. He took part also in the Boer war of 1881 and in the Egyptian campaign in 1882, again receiving honors for his services. In 1890 he was engaged on staff duty and in 1895 was appointed to the Queen's household. He held the office of equerry under Queen Victoria, King Edward, and King George.

DAVIDSON, JAMES Ŏ. Former governor of Wisconsin, died at Madison, Wis., December 16 He was born in Norway, Feb. 10, 1854, and after an education there in the public schools came to the United States in 1872 where he engaged in business at Soldier's Grove, Wis. after 1877. He was a member of the Wisconsin legis lature, 1893-9, state treasurer, 1899-1903, and in 1906 became governor, succeeding Governor La Follette upon the latter's election to the Senate. In 1907 and again in 1911 he was elected governor. After Feb. 15, 1905, he was president of the state board of control. In politics he was a Republican.

DAVISON, HAROLD J. British naval officer, died at Hartford, Conn., November 28. He was born June 19, 1875, at Needingworth, England, and became captain of a sailing vessel at the age of 23. He sailed 11 times around Cape Horn and four times around the world. In 1902 he entered the British navy, and at the outbreak of the great war was commissioned lieutenant-commander. In 1914 he was in charge of training at Devonport. In 1915 he was attached for the greater part of the year to the Argonaut, and in 1916 was made commander of destroyer No. 21, engaged in convoy work. He was afterwards navigating officer in the Naiad serving in the North Sea, and commander of the sea-plane ship Empress. In 1917 he was in command of the Perdita, a mine-layer.

DAVISON, HENRY POMEROY. Banker, died, May 6. He was born at Troy, Pa., June 13, 1867, and after a school education went into the banking business in New York City. He became vice-president of the First National Bank in 1902 and afterwards a member of the firm of J. P. Morgan and Company. He was chairman of the executive commission and a director of the Bankers' Trust Company; director of the American Foreign Securities Company and during the war became chairman of the War Coun. cil of the American Red Cross. He held that office from 1917 to 1919. He was elected chair. man of the governing board of the World League of Red Cross Societies in Paris, May 1919.

DAVY, SIR HENRY. See NECROLOGY. DAWSON, ARTHUR. Artist, died at Richmond, Va., August 22. He was born at Crewe, Eng., March 9, 1858, and studied art at the South Kensington school. In 1887 he came to the United States; was for ten years in Chicago, where he was the founder of the Chicago Society of Artists; removed to New York in 1898. He had charge of the restoration of pictures belonging to the New York Public Library and the United States Military Academy, and painted portraits of E. H. Harriman, General MacArthur and other prominent persons. He also was an art critic, and his collected writings on that subject were published in 1921.

DAYTON, OHIO. See MUNICIPAL GOVERN

MENT.

DEATH RATE. See VITAL STATISTICS.

DE FOE, LOUIS VINCENT. Dramatic critic, died in New York City, March 13. He was born at Adrian, Michigan, July 18, 1869, and became Sunday editor of the Chicago Tribune, 1891-99. During this period also, he was New York correspondent and dramatic critic. After 1899, he became dramatic critic on the New York World, in whose interest he frequently went abroad to observe the foreign stage. He was a contributer on the subject to the magazines, and edited The Theatre Through Its Stage Door (by Belasco, 1919).

British ad

He

DE HORSEY, SIR ALGERNON. miral, died at Cowes, England, October 22. was one of the oldest British officers, having been born July 25, 1827. He was a senior naval officer at the time of the Jamaica insurrection of 1865 and the Fenian Raids in Canada in 1866; was commander-in-chief of the Pacific Coast from 1876-79 during which time he forced the rebel Peruvian vessel to surrender to the Peruvian authorities, causing the question of right to be raised in Parliament, which however decided in his favor. He retired in 1892. After 1913 he held the office of deputy governor of the Isle of Wight.

DELANO, MELTON. See NECROLOGY.

DELAWARE. POPULATION. Acording to the Fourteenth Census of the United States, the population of the State, Jan. 1, 1920, was 223,003; estimated, July 1, 1922, 228,330. Capital, Dover.

AGRICULTURE. The following table is compiled from estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, covering the years 1921 and 1922: