Exterminator furnished a sensation by winning purses to the total of $71,000 but the biggest money winner of the year was R. T. Wilson's Pillory which captured purses amounting to $95,000. W. S. Kilmer's Sally's Alley ranked second with a harvest of $94,000. The leading American jockeys of 1922 were Sande and John

son.

The winners of the more important turf fixtures in the United States were: Brooklyn Handicap, Exterminator; Saratoga Handicap, Grey Lag; Suburban Handicap, Capt. Alcock; Saratoga Cup, Exterminator; Futurity, Sally's Alley; Latonia Derby, Thibodaux; Kentucky Derby, Morvich; Dwyer Stakes, Rag Joy; Metropolitan Handicap, Mad Hatter; Preakness Stakes, Pillory.

The English Derby was won by Captain Cuttle owned by Sir J. Buchanan and ridden by S. Donoghue, Kefalin, owned by M. Ambaticios, captured the Grand Prix de Paris with S. Donoghue in the saddle.

A new trotting queen appeared on the Grand Circuit in Nedda which covered a mile in 1:58 1-4, beating the 19-year-old record of 1:58 1-2 set by Lou Dillon. Peter Manning also distinguished himself by lowering his world's championship trotting record of 1:57 3-4 to 1:56 3-4. Among the pacers Margaret Dillon stood out by equalling the world's record of 1:58 1-2 for a mile against time.

The Grand Circuit season comprised 14 meetings with a total of 274 races. Czar Worthy was the biggest individual winner with $22,800. Lee Worthy ranking next with $22,700. The leading driver of the year was Walter R. Cox with the veteran Thomas W. Murphy a close second.

Jack

RACQUETS and COURT TENNIS. Soutar of Philadelphia successfully defended his title of world's professional racquets champion by defeating Charles Williams of England by seven games to four. Clarence C. Pell retained his amateur racquets championship and Stanley W. Pearson again won the amateur squash racquets crown. Thomas R. Coward of the Yale Club, New York City, captured the squash tennis championship, while Jay Gould successfully defended his national amateur and open titles at court tennis. George Covey of England defeated Walter Kinsella of the United States in a match for the world's professional squash championship.

RADCLIFFE COLLEGE. A non-sectarian institution for the education of men at Cambridge, Mass., founded in 1879. The enrollment in 1922, was 728. Instruction is given by members of the Harvard faculty. Most of the courses of study are identical with courses offered in Harvard University, and all are of the same grade with those given at Harvard. President. Le Baron Russell Briggs, LL.D., Litt.D.

RADIO BROADCASTING. Improvements in radio transmitting and receiving apparatus stimulated by the suddenly aroused popular interest in the possibilities of radio-telephonic communication in the latter part of the year 1921. led. in 1922, to the greatest manifestation of enthusiasm for wireless apparatus ever known. The broadcasting of news, music, sermons, amusement programmes, weather forecasts, etc., was eagerly sought for from the stations appropriately equipped, by literally hundreds of thousands of amateur and professional radio

enthusiasts. Additional broadcasting stations were hastily installed and manufacturers whose plants were fitted for quantity production of amateur sets were overwhelmed with orders. Department stores, specialty and sporting goods shops and drug stores, all to a greater or less degree stocked up with a "line" of radio sets and accessories. Encouraged by the sudden and seemingly limitless demand, many firms undertook, without sufficient experience and with inadequate capital, to manufacture the various kinds of apparatus now in such favor by the buying public. After a few months, however, and with the coming of warmer weather, the attraction of outdoor forms of recreation seemed to cause a slackening of the demand for radio goods and the craze for "listening in" began to wane. Many former enthusiasts wearied of their radio and turned to other forms of amusement; orders for apparatus decreased in a marked manner; with the result that some manufacturers were obliged to go out of business and the wiser, more far-sighted dealers and producers began to see the realization of their predictions made earlier in the year; to the effect that the "craze" would soon burn itself out. The slump in popularity of radio was followed, however, by a revival upon a firmer basis; and by the end of the year, broadcasting had become a fixed institution of our national life; manufacturers were steadily engaged on orders and constantly increasing numbers of amateurs as well as skilled technicians were assisting in the development of the art of radio transmission. New and ingenious designs and arrangements, many of them suggested by amateurs, were being contributed to the general knowledge of the subject and the number of high-power broadcasting stations had increased, according to a reliable authority, to 546. It was estimated that about 2,000,000 persons were regularly making use of this service; and that in the whole of the United States there was about $150,000,000 invested in radio broadcasting and receiving apparatus.

RADIO IN AGRICULTURE. See AGRICULTURE.

RADIO SIGNALS. See LIGHTHOUSES.

RADIO-TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONY. Radio-telegraphic communication continued to demonstrate its value for commercial purposes as well as for emergency messages between ships at sea and between ships and shore stations. In trans-oceanic service it was supplementing the cables, especially for certain classes of news dispatches. By the end of the year there was regular communication between New York and the various stations in England, France, Germany, and Norway. Powerful stations were in process of construction in Sweden, Holland, Italy, and Poland, on the completion of which it was expected that regular commercial service would be inaugurated with all other countries of the world suitably equipped. On the Pacific Coast, regular exchange of messages was had with Hawaii and Japan. In addition to and supplementing the existing wire systems, an extensive radio-telegraphic service was carried on between San Francisco. San Diego, Los Angeles, Tacoma, Seattle, and Portland. While improvements in the construction and modes of connection of the three-electrode vacuum tube contributed very largely to the satisfactory results obtained, no entirely satisfactory means

of overcoming static disturbances and interruptions had been worked out. Signor Marconi stated that during a recent voyage across the Atlantic, static disturbances appeared to originate over the continental areas, being noticeable as coming from Africa and Europe during the first part of the trip and from North and South America as the ship was approaching the United States. Another authority gave it as his opinion that, as regards range of communication, the distance over which radio-telegraphic signals could be satisfactorily transmitted appeared to be limited by the receiving apparatus. An interesting fact was noted by several observers, that radio signals from a given station, as determined by suitable direction-finding apparatus, came by a roundabout course, not always following the shortest distance between sending and receiving stations. This was ascribed to the static conditions existing at that particular time. At some of the European stations, signals from North America, such as from Radio Central, or Tuckerton came from a direction that seemed to show that they had travelled about three-quarters of the distance around the Earth, rather than by the shortest path from station to station. Marconi also called attention to the fact that in his experience, when sending over great distances, transmission from west to east appeared to be easier and better than from east to west.

It was in long distance radio-telephonic communication, however, that the year 1922 was a notable one. With the development that had marked the latter part of 1921 demonstrating its enormous possibilities, and greatly stimulating public interest, it had become clear that this new form of communication, made available to an ever increasing number of people would bring about new forms of entertainment, new means of public information and instruction, and changed habits of life. The extreme sensitiveness of the vacuum tube receiver and amplifier and the so-called "feed-back" arrangement in the Armstrong regenerative tube circuit extended the range of telephonic transmission enormously. Other improvements in apparatus and connections were introduced that facilitated communication by improving the quality of the voice tones, reproducing them more naturally and thereby increasing the range of satisfactory broadcasting (see RADIO BROADCASTING).

Experiments were in progress developing a radio telephone set for railway service that would enable an engineman to communicate with the conductor in the caboose of a freight train. Difficulties hitherto encountered in telephoning to and from the steel cars of railroad trains were considered to have been overcome by apparatus tried out on a train on the Pennsylvania Railroad, which was in continuous telephonic communication with various division points throughout its journey from New York to Pittsburgh, but even when passing through the tunnel under the Hudson River, where until this occasion, the tunnel had so shielded the train from radiations that talk had been almost impossible. The receiving equipment was a tuned, 18-inch loop antenna, three steps of amplification, an audion detector, and two steps of audio frequency amplification.

The broadcasting of music, speeches, sermons, etc. was soon followed by lecture courses on various subjects. It was even proposed that

colleges and universities should broadcast their courses and thus disseminate more widely the advantages now confined to those who attend in person. But, while the suggestion seemed somewhat utopian, it was difficult to forecast just what the next development in radio might be With so many experimenters and enthusiasts at work, many valuable devices were developed by amateurs; and while a variety of types of receiving sets were in use, often giving very unsatisfactory results as regards clearness of speech or musical tone, improvements were constantly brought out that added greatly to the general store of knowledge of the subject, including the technique of arrangement of circuits, "hookups," etc. The many skilled and resourceful radio engineers were actively engaged on the various problems involved in the range of telephonic communication and it was confidently expected that as a result of experiments under way at the close of the year, satisfactory communication between New York and London would be achieved early in 1923. The United States Department of Commerce, in order to prevent unnecessary interference and confusion found it advisable to prescribe certain definite wave lengths for broadcasting from various stations and required that these be adhered to.

While to the average person the entertainment feature of the radio telephone was probably the matter that interested them most, yet to a large part of the agricultural population, the weather forecasts, market reports and freight traffic conditions were of greatest importance. The warning of an approaching cold wave, received by radio telephone gave ample opportunity for fruit and vegetable growers to protect their crops. A heavy snow storm might so delay shipments of perishable freight as to render it saleable only at a heavy loss. And again, a shipper, by reason of timely radio information, could change the routing of his produce and send it to a more advantageous market. With so many persons in every community equipped with a radio set in their homes, the remotest regions have been brought into touch with news of the most timely and vital interest to the inhabitants. The facilities thus rendered available are quickly appreciated by others, who thus become radio "fans" and install home-made sets that answer all ordinary purposes of providing news, entertainment and instruction.

In spite of the rapid development of the radiophone, it seemed unlikely that it would displace the wire telephone. Radio augments the usefulness of the latter; in fact, rather encourages its use for all ordinary means of communication. On account of the adjustments and tuning necessary for satisfactory reception with the radio set and owing to the fact that it is neither secret nor directive for the average user, its employment is specialized and different from that of the wire telephone, filling new uses created by its existence, but not encroaching, to any perceptible extent, upon the legitimate field of the wire telephone.

Some valuable work was done during the year in developing what was called "wired radio,” a system which by making use of existing electric power circuits for directing radio waves was employed for communicating between certain places a few miles apart. Thus, in one large city, conversation was carried on between two electric power stations, the radio set being con

nected to a 13,000-volt underground cable and employing a wave length of 5000 meters, 60,000 cycles per second. In another locality, broadcasting in a particular region was effected from a three-phase, 2400-volt overhead wire circuit. It was considered that this system might possess important commercial applications, and further development work was being prosecuted.

RADIUM. The companies interested in the production of radium did not enjoy a very prosperous year in 1921 and many of the sales were at prices too low to permit of adequate profit. As a result when the year 1922 opened their stocks amounted to probably between $1,000,000 and $2,000,000. Some indication of its value will appear from the. fact that in September, 1922, one gram of radium was sold to the Province of Quebec at a reported price of $77,000. This was considered low at the time but soon afterwards it became known that from uranium veinlets in the copper deposits of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga Company at Luswishi and Kasolo, Belgium Congo, many tons of rich ore were available, carrying pitchblende and its alteration minerals. Current reports announced the content of U30, as 50 to 70 per cent, which compared with the 2 per cent ore from Colorado and Utah. This naturally vitally affected the Colorado carnotite mines, and all operations were stopped. The foreign product entered the American market during the year and two companies acting as agents were offering radium at $70 a milligram.

In Europe during 1922, some pitchblende was mined in Cornwall, some autunite and torbernite in Portugal for French use, and it was believed that the older pitchblende mines in Czecho-Slovakia (Bohemia) were operating as

usual.

The development of the supply in the Belgian Congo was the leading item of interest. As early as 1913 and 1915, the Union Minière company had discovered small veins of uranium cutting at a high angle the copper deposits at the Luswishi and the Kasolo mines. It was only in 1920, that active development of these prospects was begun, but within a year or so, a large ore reserve of high uranium content was developed, particularly at Kasolo. A shipment. of the ore arriving in Belgium in January, 1922, the Union Minière company, in conjunction with the Societé Générale Métallurgique d'Hoboken, straightway undertook the erection of a plant at Oolen, near Antwerp. The first section of the plant began operations in July 1922, and soon afterwards its radium was on the market. In the United States the output of radium during 1922 was about 13.5 grams of the element (Ra). While foreign production was estimated at possibly 8 grams. Radium prices remained during the year at $70 per milligram. See URANIUM; VANADIUM; CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL.

RAEBURN, SIR ERNEST MANIFOLD. See NECROLOGY.

RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. In the United States the Interstate Commerce Commission in its annual report stated that the number of fatalities resulting from railway accidents of all kinds, industrial included, in 1921 was less than for any other year since 1889. This in the opinion of the Commission was a remarkable showing when it was considered that the annual transportation service, measured in ton

miles, was about five times as large at the end of this period as at the beginning.

According to the Commission's record of collisions, derailments, and other accidents on the railroads of the United States for 1921, for the 12 months ending with December, the total number of casualties shown was 126,681; made up of 5,996 killed and 120,685 injured, as shown in Table A.

In 1921 the number of passengers injured was about 44 per cent less than in 1920. The number of employees killed in train accidents and train service accidents in 1921, namely 1032, showed a diminution of 48 per cent. This was explained as doubtless due, in large measure, to the smaller volume of business done in 1921 and, to the fact that with a smaller volume of business, the competency and efficiency of the individual employees is higher. All things considered and especially in proportion to the total business handled, the accident record of 1920 had been the best up to that time, but by comparison with the 1921 statistics it will be seen that the fatalities to passengers and employees due to train operation in that year were only 57 per cent as great as in 1920. In spite of deficiencies of equipment and occasional lax discipline unquestionably there had been an increase in the safety of American railway operation.

Grade crossing accidents continued to be a matter of serious concern and of 1,702 killed and 4.868 injured at highway grade crossings 80 per cent were occupants of automobiles. This number had gradually increased from the year 1917, when it was 59 per cent.

The number of passenger train enginemen killed in train and train-service accidents was 37, equal to 2.86 per thousand in service, which was the lowest ratio in five years, and also was only half as bad a ratio as that recorded for 1920 (69 killed; 5.27 per 1,000). This ratio was about twice as bad as the average for freight enginemen (32 killed; 1.13 per 1,000), indicating that the speed of trains was an important element in the degree of safety enjoyed by locomotive enginemen. The ratios for firemen were about the same as those for enginemen. See Table A, page 608.

In 1921 the total number of train accidents was 21,251. or about 41 per cent less than the total in 1920 as indicated in Table B, page 608.

GRADE CROSSING ACCIDENTS. The automobile continued to figure in most of the accidents where people were killed at highway crossings. The total of such accidents in 1921 was 1,702, or 554 more than the total fatalities to passengers and employees due to train operation, and in this connection the Interstate Commerce Commission in its annual accident report stated: "It will be noted that of all casualties sustained at grade crossings in 1917. 59 per cent involved occupants of automobiles and motor trucks, as compared with 80 per cent in 1921."

Accordingly with the hope of reducing accidents at highway crossings the railways of the United States in the months of June, July, August. and September. 1922 carried on throughout the country a "National Careful Crossing Campaign." Placards were conspicuously posted throughout the entire country, especially at highway crossings, with warnings to automobilists to be careful when crossing railway