secondary settling tanks. There is a growing tendency to clarify the sewage by fine screens or otherwise before it goes to activated-sludge plants. Houston, Tex., is still the largest city to treat all of its sewage by the activated-sludge process, but new and much larger plants are under construction at Milwaukee and Indianapolis and are projected by the Chicago Sanitary District. Philadelphia is installing a large Imhoff tank plant. A detailed review of the operating results of the two activated-sludge plants at Houston, with cost figures and with an account of extensive sludge dewatering tests appeared in Engineering News-Record for July 27, 1922. The same Journal (Feb. 1, 1923), contained a résumé of dewatering tests at Milwaukee, Wis. (the most extensive ever yet made), which resulted, late in 1922, in the adoption of a scheme which includes as its first step sludge conditioning by heat and sulphuric acid, followed by the passage of the sludge through Oliver vacuum filter presses and finally through driers, all for the purpose of producing a commercial sewage sludge containing some 10 per cent of moisture. During the year, construction of the main parts of the Milwaukee activatedsludge plant was continued. This will be the largest plant of the kind in the world when completed, but larger ones are projected at Chicago, as noted below. The Indianapolis sewage-works, besides including a large installation of activated-sludge tanks, is also notable as an illustration of the possibilities of careful planning to meet local conditions, the governing feature of which here is a city of 314,000 population (1900 census) on a small inland stream the low summer flow of which affords little dilution of the sewage while the relatively large flow the rest of the year furnishes many times more dilution. Accordingly the plant is designed to give a high degree of treatment but the plan is such that the most expensive part of the entire process may be dispensed with in the wet season and the operating expenses largely reduced. Current expenses are still further lessened in the wet season because pumping is then unnecessary; that is, the sewage flows by gravity through the portion of the works affording preliminary treatment and thence on to White River, but has to be pumped for complete treatment. The entire plant consists of coarse or bar screens, a grit chamber, fine screens of the revolving drum type, and concentrating tanks, which together comprise the preliminary treatment for clarification or reduction of suspended solids only, and an activated sludge plant for final treatment, the latter to produce a more highly clarified sewage than is given by the preliminary treatment alone, and also to oxidize the organic matter left after clarification and produce a non-putrefactive sewage effluent to be discharged into the river in summer when the flow is small and will not afford sufficient dilution to prevent a nuisance. See Engineering News-Record, Mar. 23, 1922, for further particulars. The Chicago Sanitary District is making good progress on its programme of treating the sewage before it goes into the drainage canal. The canal was put in operation in 1900. It takes water from the lake to dilute and convey the sewage for discharge through the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers into the Mississippi. The original design was based on a volume of diluting water greater than the United States War Department, through its juris

diction over navigable waters, has been willing to authorize. This handicap, together with the rapid growth of Chicago and other factors, has necessitated sewage treatment works to lessen the amount of organic matter discharged into the canal. Seven works, large and small, to serve as many sections of the district, have been planned. Of these, one of the very small ones, consisting of Imhoff tanks, sprinkling filters, and secondary tanks, has been in use since late in 1914; two larger ones, serving present populations of 40,000 and 150,000, were put in use in August and September, 1922. Of these two, the first consists of bar screens, grit chambers and activated-sludge tanks, and the second of bar screens, an Imhoff tank, and small units each of sprinkling filters and activated-sludge tanks, the two latter for comparative tests on the treatment of Imhoff tank effluent to afford a basis for the design of additional plant at this works. Plans had been completed late in 1922 for a fourth sewage-works, to serve, like the one put in use in 1914, less than a thousand people. Plans were well along for an activated-sludge plant to serve a 1930 population of 800,000 and were under consideration for a still larger activation plant to serve a 1930 population of 1,430,000. Scheduled for the "distant future" is the seventh plant, which will serve a section estimated to have a population of 1,230,000 in 1930. It will be noted that the activated-sludge process has a major place in the foregoing outline (see Engineering News-Record, Dec. 14, 1922, for details of the seven treatment plants and of unique sewage pumping stations). Working scale tests of various elements and combinations of sewage treatment are features of the Chicago sewage-works, completed and projected, especially as regards sludge handling and dewatering. Dorr thickeners are being tried to concentrate sludge. For dewatering, trials are being made of an Oliver vacuum filter, a Berrigan platen press and a Besco-ter-Meer centrifuge for the first stage and an Atlas drier for the final stage. A central dewatering station to serve a number of widely separated activated-sludge plants will be built if working tests of dewatering promise well. Progress was made in 1922 on another interesting activated-sludge project, a tri-city plant to treat the sewage of Pasadena, South Pasadena and Alhambra, Cal. The first-named city has operated a large sewage farm for many years. As the volume of sewage increased a septic tank was installed to lessen the burden on the land. For some years, Pasadena conducted sewage-treatment tests, particularly with the activated-sludge process. The two other cities named propose to join Pasadena in the construction of a joint activated-sludge plant, the effluent from which will be utilized on the existing sewage farm. Sulphur dioxide gas and presses will be used for dewatering. (See American City, January, 1922, for detailed description of the tri-city plant.) England. Settling tanks, either one-story septic or plain sedimentation and sprinkling filters are the main resort in England, with the activated-sludge process making rapid headway, according to a series of articles on the "Present Status of Sewage Treatment Works in England," giving the impressions of George W. Fuller, a New York consulting engineer, as the result of an inspection trip in January, 1923, which may be taken as a survey of conditions at the close of 1922 (see Engineering News-Record, Feb. 1, 8, and 15, 1922).

Mr. Fuller noted particularly the use of mechanical stirring devices in the activation tanks instead of compressed air to agitate the sewage, but while a considerable number of British and some American engineers look to mechanical agitation as the coming method, most of the American plants, and all the larger ones yet built or projected, use or plan to use compressed air admitted through porous ("filtros") plates in the tank bottoms.

one

Consult Metcalf and Eddy, Sewage and Sewage Disposal (New York), a condensed volume edition, revised to date, of their earlier three-volume work covering sewer design and construction and sewage treatment; also Babbitt, Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, which also traverses the whole field.

SEWANEE

UNIVERSITY OF THE.

SEWERAGE. See SEWAGE TREATMENT. SFORZA, COUNT G. See NECROLOGY. SHACKELTON, SIR ERNEST (HENRY). British Antarctic explorer, died January 5 (see POLAR RESEARCH). He was born, Feb. 15, 1874, and educated at Dulwich College. He served as third lieutenant in the international Anarctic expedition of 1901, and commander of the British Antarctic expedition in 1907. He also was in command of the Antarctic expedition in 1914. During the War he was director of equipment and transport mobile forces in the winter campaign in northern Russia, 1918-19. He was commander of the British Oceanographical and subAntarctic expedition. He wrote The Heart of the Antarctic; and The Diary of a Troop Ship. SHAFROTH, JOHN FRANKLIN. See NECROL

OGY.

SHALIAPIN (French transliteration, CHALIAPINE), FEODOR IVANOVITCH. A Russian basso profundo, born at Kazan, Feb. 11, 1873. Without any preliminary musical training he became, in 1890, a member of the chorus of a traveling light opera company, whose director immediately was struck by the exception al beauty and power of his voice and soon entrusted to him leading rôles. In 1892-3 he studied systematically with Usatov in Tiflis, and during the summer season of 1894 he made his début in grand opera at Petrograd. His success led to an immediate engagement at the Maryinsky Theatre, where he remained two years. In 1896 he joined Mamontov's Private Opera in Moscow, whence his reputation, especially as an unsurpassed interpreter of Russian national types, rapidly spread all over Europe. His first appearances at the Metropolitan Opera House (1907-8) did not arouse unusual enthusiasm, probably because he had no opportunity to sing his famous Russian rôles. But when, on his second visit, he appeared as Boris Godunov (Dec. 9, 1921) his success was overwhelming. During 1922 he sang simultaneously with the Metropolitan and the Chicago Civic Opera Company.

SHAM UL HUDA [NAWAB, SIR SEYD]. See NECROLOGY.

SHANTUNG. One of the eighteen provinces of China proper; after the Treaty of Versailles, in dispute between Japan and China.

It was

one of the questions pertaining to the Far East, that was most actively discussed at the Disarmament Conference at Washington, in 1921-22, and a settlement was finally reached. See JAPAN, History.

veloped one of the largest plants in the country, namely the Lake Superior Iron and Chemical Company and made a fortune. He then became interested in politics and was well known as a Cleveland Democrat. He was elected to Congress in 1908 and twice reëlected, becoming a leading member of the committee on foreign affairs. He was discharging these duties when he was appointed ambassador to France in 1914 after having first received the offer of the Petrograd post, to which he was ineligible on account of the objection of the Russians. His term as ambassador in France lasted from Dec. 2, 1914 to April 14, 1919. He reached his post at the time when the French government had removed to Bordeaux and the Germans were menacing Paris in their first great drive. During his ambassadorship he was very active in collecting evidence of German atrocities and in relief work. He had always been confident of the success of aviation predicting early in his career that flight across the Atlantic was feasible and would soon occur. In a speech to Congress in 1912 he predicted the importance of the air service in the event of a war. He was the first American ambassador to become Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in Paris, and he was the recipient of many honors from the French government. The League of Nations had his strong support and he tried to persuade President Harding for whom, in spite of his party ties he had voted, to favor the participation of the United States in the League.

SHEEP. See LIVE STOCK.

SHEILD, ARTHUR MARMADUKE. See NEC

ROLOGY.

SHERE, O. M. See NECROLOGY. SIGEL, FRANZ. Lawyer, died in New York City, February 19. He was born, Sept. 23, 1872, the son of General Franz Sigel, who fought in the Civil War; graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1892, and in law at New York University in 1896, after which he practiced in New York City. During the late war, he was prominent in patriotic propaganda and was a member or officer of many important organizations of war time, and engaged in various drives of the Red Cross, Liberty, Loan, etc.

SHIPBUILDING. Except in Germany shipbuilding suffered a serious decline in all the countries of the world, and there was little hope held out for improvement as there was so much idle tonnage and ocean rates were so low. Furthermore, the disarmament conference held at Washington, early in 1922, restricted the building of warships, so that shipbuilders no

Barges No. Tons No. Tons

Atlantic and Gulf

the total launched during the same period. The United States in 1922 dropped back from its war peak to 139,448 tons, approximately the pre-war level.

Table A, on page 665, prepared in the transportation division, United States Department of Commerce shows the tonnage under construction in the principal countries on June 30 and Dec. 31, 1922.

The world total there given includes 564,000 tons on which work was suspended.

While idle tonnage had declined and rates dropped, the sales price of ships was maintained at slightly above $30 per dead weight ton, at the end of the year. The average price of 12 cargo ships of 5000 to 10,000 dead weight tons, not over five years old, sold during the last half of 1921 was $31 (£6 18s 5d) per dead weight ton, as compared with $33 (£7 19s) for 12 similar ships sold during the first half of 1922, and with $31 for 32 similar ships sold during the last half of 1922. The price of vessels stiffened early in 1922, slumped in the summer and early fall and rose again slightly toward the end of the year. Ship prices in 1922 were below prewar values; in 1913 a good cargo vessel could be ordered for around $35. Prices in 1922 were also below reproduction costs; as late in the year contracts were placed in British yards around $40 to $45 a ton.

Germany in 1922 beat her pre-war ship building record, with an output of 625,000 tons, as compared with 509,000 tons in 1921, 440,000 tons in 1914, and 465,000 tons in 1913.

The German shipbuilding industry did not suffer from the general depression and, with low cost of production, it was becoming a formidable competitor to the industry in the United States and Great Britain. See SHIPPING.

LLOYD'S ANNUAL SUMMARY OF SHIPBUILDING. The total output of mercantile shipping for the world in 1922, according to “Lloyd's Register of Shipping," in its annual summary reached 2.467,084 tons, or a decrease of 1,875,000 tons as compared with 1921, and of 866,000 tons as compared with 1913, in which year the pre-war world's record production was reached. It must be borne in mind that Lloyd's summary does not include warships and takes into account only merchant vessels of 100 tons gross and upwards, that were launched in 1922, whether they were completed during the year or were still under construction on December 31. In these tables sailing vessels fitted with auxiliary power are included with steamers or motor vessels according to the type of engine. The returns were not available as regards Germany and AustriaHungary for the war period, 1914-1918, nor as regards Germany for 1919 and 1920.

The enormous increase in the tonnage launched during the four years 1918-1921, as compared

with pre-war periods and the great decrease in the 1922 output as compared with the record year 1919, viz.: 4,677,000 tons are significant features (see table under SHIPPING, p. 669). During the nine years 1914-22 the total addition to the World's merchant navies by new construction amounted to nearly 34,000,000 tons, as compared with 221⁄2 million tons for the period of 1905-13.

Of the 852 vessels launched in the World during the year 1922, 96 were of between 4000 and 6000 tons, 126 between 6000 and 10,000 tons, and 27 over 10.000 tons each.

There were launched 104 vessels of about 776,000 tons which were to be fitted with steam turbines. This tonnage represented over 35 per cent of the total World's output of steel steam tonnage, and gave an average tonnage of 7461 tons per vessel. Likewise the tonnage of new vessels which were being fitted with internal combustion engines was steadily increasing and during 1922 about 210,000 tons were launched; a total, however, less than 912 per cent of the World's output of steam tonnage for 1922.

During 1922, excluding vessels of less than 1000 tons, 61 vessels of about 356,000 tons were launched which had been built for the carriage of oil in bulk. Most of these vessels were built on the Isherwood system of longitudinal framing, the total number and tonnage of vessels built on this system during 1922 being 53 of about 315,000 tons.

The countries where the largest outputs were recorded during 1922 were as follows:

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. The tonnage launched during 1922 is 1,031,081 tons, which figures are 1,024,541 tons lower than the record figures for 1920. The total equals nearly 42 per cent of the World's output for the year under review; and was a greater percentage than in 1921, but was considerably under the 58 per cent in 1913. The 1922 output was not all for British owners, and of the tonnage launched during the year, 268,312 tons were intended for owners residing outside Great Britain and Ireland-equal to 26 per cent of the total tonnage launched. The tonnage intended for Dutch owners amounted to 97,600 tons, that for French owners 43,757 tons, and 33,092 tons are for owners in the British Dominions overseas. There were launched 91 vessels of between