on their breasts. Round the bier were four wax tapers and eight lighted torches, borne by men in mourning, having on their breasts similar arms to the criers. In this state was the body carried through Paris to the gate of St. Anthony, when it was placed on a mourningcar, to be conveyed for interment at Provins. One of the before-named criers went first, crying aloud, "Good people, say your paternosters for the soul of Laurence Garnier, who, while living, resided at Provins, and whose body has been lately found dead under an oak, that God may have mercy on his soul!"

On the 18th of March, a gentleman of Gascony, named Oriole, was brought prisoner to Tours. He had commanded a company of one hundred lances for the king: but his company having been lately broken, with some others, he was disgusted; and it was reported to the king that he had used threatening language, and that he was plotting with his lieutenant to quit the service and attach himself to the duke of Austria. He was convicted of high treason, and, for this and other offences, was beheaded at Tours in company with his lieutenant. After the execution, master Henry Cousin, who had beheaded them, carried their heads and part of their members to be fastened to the gates of Bethune and Arras. The lord de Mauves, whose company of a hundred lances had been broken, was also confined a prisoner in Paris. He was arrested at the Hôtel-du-Cornet, near to St. Jean-en-Grêve, by Philip l'Huillier, governor of the Bastile, and was afterward carried by him or others to the king at Tours, where he was set at liberty, as innocent of the crimes laid to his charge.

CHAPTER CLXXIX.-OF THE KING'S PREPARATIONS FOR WAR.—THE FLEMINGS ARE ADMITTED INTO CAMBRAY.-SEVERAL TOWNS IN BURGUNDY REDUCED TO THE KING'S OBEDIENCE, WHO OFTEN VISITS CHAMPAGNE IN CONSEQUENCE. — AMBASSADORS ARRIVE FROM SPAIN. -THE DUKE OF ALBANY COMES TO PARIS.-THE DUKE OF AUSTRIA DEFEATED NEAR THEROUENNE, AND THE SON OF THE KING OF POULAINE TAKEN PRISONER.—THE KING'S TROOPS ARE AGAIN SUCCESSFUL, AND GAIN SEVENTEEN TOWNS.-FOUR-SCORE FLEMISH VESSELS ARE CAPTURED BY COULON AND OTHER ADVENTURERS FROM THE COASTS OF NORMANDY, IN THE COURSE OF THE ABOVE YEAR.

[A. D. 1479.]

THE king of France, immediately after Easter, made preparations for a renewal of the war, as the truce with Maximilian was nearly expired, and as no ambassadors had arrived from Austria to propose a prolongation of the truce, or to conclude a definitive peace, as had been hinted during the last conference. In the month of May following, although the truce was not expired, the inhabitants of Cambray admitted into their town Flemings, Picards, and other enemies to the king, of the party of the duke of Austria, who drove out the royalist garrisons of the town and castle, notwithstanding the king had given the guard of it to the lord de Fiennes. Soon after, three or four hundred lances, Flemings and Picards, appeared before Bouchain, in which were only sixteen lances as garrison for the king. They instantly retired into the castle, observing that the townsmen were determined to admit their enemies as soon as they should appear. The Flemings had no sooner gained possession of the town than they attacked the king's lances, whom they took, and put all to death, except one, who escaped by hiding himself in a chamber, and then dropping down through one of the privies into the ditch. The king was very indignant at this conduct, and not without reason, for the truce had been violated without the smallest blame attaching to him or his subjects. He lost no time in sending large trains of artillery to the duchy and franche comté of Burgundy, and great reinforcements of men-at-arms and franc-archers to the governor of Champagne, whose appointment of lieutenant-general he had renewed. The governor exerted himself diligently, and took by storm the castle of Rochefort, killing all within it, and plundering it of its effects. He thence proceeded to Dôle *, which, after battering it some time, he also won by storm, when many of the chief merchants were slain, and the town was razed to the ground.

In the month of June, sir Robert d'Estouteville, lord of Beyne, departed this life at Paris, having been provost of the same for forty-three years. He was succeeded in this office by Jacques d'Estouteville, son to the deceased, in recompense, as the king said, for his loyal services at the battle of Montlehery, and in other affairs. While the king was at Montargis, he was much rejoiced at the good news that was there brought him from sir Charles d'Amboise, and set out for the abbey of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, near Senlis, and made his offerings and thanksgivings. He thence came to the castle of Vincennes, where he only staid a night, and set out for Provins, on his road to Champagne, Langres, and other places. In the mean time, great stores of artillery, powder, saltpetre, and particularly sixteen very large bombards, were embarked on the Seine, to be transported to Châlons, Champagne, and Bar-le-Duc, to attempt the conquest of Luxembourg; but that expedition did not take place.

Saturday, the 3rd of July, a handsome embassy from Spain arrived at Paris, under the care of the bishop of Lombez and the abbot of St. Denis, by orders from the king. The provost of merchants and the sheriffs went out of the town to meet them, accompanied by different ranks of people. Having made their entrance into Paris, they went to St. Denis, where they were grandly feasted by the abbot, having been entertained on their passage through Paris by certain of the king's officers.

In this year, the duke of Albany came to Paris, having been driven out of Scotland by the

Dôle, on the river Doux, in Franche Comité.

king his brother, to seek a refuge with the king of France*. Great honours were paid him; and the lord de Gaucourt, as king's lieutenant, with all the professions of Paris, went out to meet him, and accompany him on his entry into Paris, by the gate of St. Anthony, on the road leading to Vincennes. He was lodged in the rue St. Martin, although he had not more than ten or twelve horse in his company: and the king ordered that Monypenny and Concressault, two Scotsmen of rank in the French service, should attend upon himt.

In the month of August, the Flemings, who were quartered in the frontier towns of Flanders, took the field with the intent to combat the king's forces, and advanced toward. Therouenne. They battered the town much with their artillery; but it was gallantly defended by the lord de St. André, lieutenant of a hundred lances under the duke of Bourbon, and other lords and captains of the king's army. While this was passing, the different royal garrisons in Picardy collected together for the relief of Therouenne; and, having taken the field, they came in sight of the Flemish army within one league of Therouenne. This army was very numerous, and was said to have consisted of sixty thousand combatants, under the command of the duke of Austria, the count de Romont, and others of that party. A sally was made from Therouenne by the garrison the moment their friends were near, by several companies of lancemen, under the command of the lord des Cordes and other captains; and their attack was so rapid and vigorous that the vanguard of the duke of Austria was defeated, with great slaughter and loss of baggage. While the van of the enemy were pursued, some of the king's franc-archers too busily employed themselves in plundering their baggage; and. the count de Romont, who had from fourteen to fifteen thousand infantry under his command, fell on them, and slew the greater part. It was said that the loss on both sides that day amounted to nearly fifteen thousand men, of which from eleven to twelve thousand were Burgundians. The French likewise made nine hundred or a thousand prisoners; and in the number was the son of the king of Poulaine‡, and another youth, said to be the favourite of the duke of Austria, with many others of good family and large fortunes §.

On the king's side, the captain Beauvoisien, and Vaast de Mompedon, bailiff of Rouen, were killed, and about three hundred of the franc-archers. After this defeat, the duke of Austria, the count de Romont, and others of their captains, having rallied their men, marched to a place, called Malaunoy, in which was a Gascon captain, called le Cadet Remonnet, having with him seven or eight score Gascon cross-bows. The Burgundians attacked the place, which was for some time well defended by the Gascons; but at length it was stormed and the greater part of the garrison put to death: the rest saved themselves by leaping into the ditches. With regard to Remonnet, he was made prisoner, and, on assurance of his life, carried to the duke of Austria, who, regardless of the assurance that had been given, had him hanged, three days afterward, in cold blood. The king of France was so enraged at this that he ordered fifty of the principal prisoners that had been taken to be hanged by the provost marshal, by way of revenge. Seven of the chief prisoners were hanged on the spot where Remonnet had been executed,-ten before Douay, ten before St. Omer, ten before. Arras, and ten before Lille. The provost was escorted, to perform these executions, by eight hundred lances and six thousand franc-archers, who afterwards advanced into the country of

* It is singular that the three contemporary monarchs, Edward IV. of England, James III. of Scotland, and Louis XI. of France, should have been charged with the murder of their brothers. The duke of Guienne is believed by the best historians to have died a natural death; and the earl of Mar (youngest brother of James III.) met his fate, according to the account adopted by Drummond of Hawthornden, in a manner merely acci`dental. The execution of George duke of Clarence, though it may well be said that the king ought to have pardoned his brother, yet, as it was the consequence of actual treason fully proved in the regular course of law, certainly does not merit the appellation of a murder.

For further particulars relative to the duke of Albany, I refer to Pinkerton's History of Scotland. In a note to the Chronique Scandaleuse by the abbé Lenglet du Fresnoy, he says," Alexander Stuart, brother to

James III. king of Scotland, died at Paris, 1483, and was buried in the convent of the Celestins." But by Pinkerton he was alive in 1484, and was accidentally killed, when a spectator at a tournament between the duke of Orleans and another knight, by a splinter from a lance. His son John was duke of Albany, and regent of Scotland during the minority of James V.

Who this imaginary personage may be intended for, I cannot tell. If for Maximilian, it is entirely a mistake. He was not made prisoner. Nor was there any other prince or son of a king present at the engagement.

This battle of Guinegate decided nothing; for, though Maximilian was beaten, he remained master of the field; and Comines says, that had he attempted Therouenne or Arras, he would have found both towns empty.

Guines and Flanders, where they took seventeen towns or strong-holds, burning and destroying the country, and carrying off cattle, sheep, horses, and everything portable, to their different garrisons.

At this time, Coulon and other adventurers at sea from the coasts of Normandy captured four-score Flemish vessels, which were on their voyage to fetch rye from Prussia, to victual their country, and the produce of the herring-fishery for that year. It was the greatest loss that had befallen the Flemings at sea for upwards of a hundred years, and they suffered much from it.

CHAPTER CLXXX.-AN EMBASSY ARRIVES FROM THE KING OF ENGLAND TO THE KING OF
FRANCE.-THE KING ISSUES A COMMISSION AGAINST THE DUKE OF BOURBON.—THE
CARDINAL OF ST. PIETRO AD VINCULA COMES TO FRANCE AS LEGATE.-THE KING
SETS THE CARDINAL BALUE AT LIBERTY.
A BODY OF SWISS TROOPS SUBSIDISED
INSTEAD OF THE FRANC-ARCHERS.-A VERY SEVERE WINTER.-TRUCES ARE ESTAB-
LISHED BETWEEN THE FLEMINGS AND THE ENGLISH.

[A. D. 1480.]

AT the commencement of this year, the lord Howard, a prothonotary, and other ambassadors from England, crossed the Channel to wait on the king of France respecting the maintaining of the truce. They were handsomely received, and magnificently feasted by the king, who, on their return, made them rich presents in money and in silver plate.

In this year, the king issued a commission to master John Avais, counsellor in his court of parliament, and to John Doyac, of the town of Cusset*, in Auvergne, to examine into different charges that had been made against the duke of Bourbon, his towns, officers, and subjects. These two men accepted their commission with pleasure, in the hope of destroying the duke of Bourbon, against all truth and justice, but in order to gain the good graces of the king, and to force the duke into banishment. In obedience to the commission, they summoned all the principal officers of the duke, such as his chancellor, his attorney-general, the captain of his guard, and others, to appear personally before the court of parliament on an appointed day, when they were severally interrogated by commissaries, and detained long in Paris. Master Francis Hasle, the king's advocate, pleaded against them, and wanted stronger measures to be pursued,—but they were all set at liberty by the court, and returned to their homes. Master John Hebert, bishop of Constance, was next summoned to appear before the parliament, to answer to certain crimes of which he was accused. On his appearance, he was examined, and, by orders of the court, was committed as a prisoner to the prisons of the Conciergerie,-and all his temporal effects were confiscated to the king's use. In the month of August, a truce was concluded with the duke of Austria for seven months: during three of them a free intercourse was to be allowed for merchants and merchandise to pass and repass from each country,-three others were to be void of all warfare,—and the seventh for consideration as to war or peace.

Monday the 4th of September, the cardinal of St. Pietro ad Vincula+, legate from the pope, arrived at Paris, and was most honourably received there by all ranks of people, who went out to meet him by the gate of St. Jacques. All the streets through which he passed to the church of Notre-Dame, where he made his devotions, were hung with tapestry. When these were finished, he proceeded to the lodgings that had been prepared for him at the college of St. Denis near the Augustins, accompanied by the cardinal of Bourbon. On the Tuesday master Olivier le Diable, called le Daim, the king's barber, feasted the legate, the cardinal of Bourbon, and many other prelates and nobles, as grandly as possible. When dinner was over, he carried them to the park of Vincennes, to amuse themselves in hunting deer; after which they returned to their different homes.

On Thursday and Friday, the vigil and feast of the Nativity of the blessed Virgin, the legate attended vespers in the church of Notre-Dame; and great crowds were there to see

Cusset,-a town in the Bourbonnois, near St. Gerand.

Julian de la Rovere, afterwards Pope Julius II.

On Sunday

the ceremonies observed on the occasion, which were solemn and magnificent. the legate dined and supped with the cardinal of Bourbon at his hotel. There were present at these entertainments many archbishops, bishops, and nobles of high rank; such as the archbishops of Besançon and Sens, the bishops of Chartres, Nevers, Therouenne, Amiens, Aleth, and others; the lord de Curton, Moireau, master of the household to the king, and many more. Monday the 14th, the legate went to St. Denis, where he was feasted by the abbot, and thence into Picardy and Flanders, to attempt bringing about a peace between the king and the duke of Austria. He staid some time at Peronne, thinking he should have an easy access into Flanders, whither the king sent master Francis Hasle, the provost of Paris, and others, who returned without having done anything. The legate came back to Paris on the 21st of December, and went to the hôtel of Bourbon, where he was entertained by the cardinal at supper, and lay there that night. On the morrow he left the hôtel of Bourbon by the Golden-gate, and crossed the river to the hôtel of Nesle, where he mounted his horse, which was waiting for him, and proceeded, with his attendants, to Orleans, and there remained until the king had set at liberty the cardinal Balue, who came to the legate at Orleans.

The king had remained almost the whole of the winter in Touraine. About the Epiphany he went to Poitiers, and other places, and returned to Tours, and to Forgest, the end of January. It was about this time that the king reduced the whole body of franc-archers in France, and substituted, in their place, the Swiss with their pikes; and he caused a prodigious quantity of pikes, halberds, and large daggers, to be made, by all the cutlers in his kingdom.

The winter, this year, began late: there was no frost until St. Stephen's day, and it lasted only until the 8th of February. But, if it began late, it was most severe; for the oldest persons did not remember the frost so sharp: the rivers Seine, Yonne, Marne, and all that fall into the Seine, were so hard frozen that all kinds of carriages passed over as on dry land. Great mischiefs were done to several bridges by the thaw: some were quite ruined, and carried away on the before-named rivers, and large pieces of ice drove many boats against the bridges of Notre-Dame and Saint Michel at Paris. They, however, for some hours, formed a rampart, and perhaps saved these bridges; but the danger was thought so great that all who lived upon them carried away everything of value out of their houses. The ice broke seven of the large piles at the Temple-mill. During this hard weather, no floats of wood came down the river,-which raised the price excessively, insomuch that the billet cost seven or eight sols parisis. To relieve the poorer sorts, the country people of the neighbouring villages daily brought green wood in carts or on horses' backs to Paris. The wood would have been dearer if the astrologers had told truth, for they predicted that this frost would last until the 8th of March: the thaw, however, began three weeks sooner than they had foretold, but the weather continued extremely cold until May was far advanced, which destroyed all the buds of the early vines, and the fruit-blossoms were cut off.

In the course of the winter, and even during the month of April, when the truce with the Flemings expired, no hostilities took place; for the duke of Austria had sent an embassy to the king, at Tours, and a prolongation of the truce was agreed on for one year, in the expectation that in the interval means might be found for a general peace. Another embassy came likewise from England respecting the truce; and the king took the trouble of going as far as Château Regnault §, to meet the ambassadors and hear their business. This being settled, they returned to king Edward,-and on their departure, it was publicly said, that the truce between France and England had been renewed for a very long time.

In the month of March, the king was suddenly taken ill while at Plessis-le-Parc, near Tours, and was for some time in very great danger; but, by the grace of God, his health was restored, and he was soon perfectly recovered.

Aleth, a small city in upper Languedoc.

+ Forges.-There are several towns of this name, one in Aunis, near la Rochelle, which I should suppose to be

the one in the text; another in Normandy, famous for its mineral waters.

Château Regnault, a town in Touraine, near Tours.