too anxious to be settled to allow himself to choose; and indeed settlers for the most part, having only small means, are obliged immediately to put them in action.

"Of the capital requisite for different classes of emigrants;-These classes we will divide into three-the mere labourer and the artificer-the ordinary emigrant-and those with families in England, whose property is daily diminishing from the change of times, and the different channels in which trade is confined in time of peace, from those in which it was used in time of war. Under this head will be comprehended, particularly, those who have followed the pursuit of commerce in maritime towns.

"With respect to the emigrant labourer and artificer, no other capital is requisite, beyond the cost of transportation, than his willingness and ability to work. Of the last class we shall speak presently. The second resolves itself into the question, " With how small a capital can a family remove to Van Diemen's Land, and there settle with decency?"-for being once settled, independence follows of course. A family, with two thousand pounds of money in England, would have amply sufficient to settle comfortably and respectably at Van Diemen's Land. If several families were to unite in emigrating, the cost of their individual passage would be comparatively small. This mode of emigration I should strongly recommend; and if the principle were to be continued in this country, by taking their grants of land together, their means of settling would be found to go farther than in separate

establishments. The economies of such an establishment, in one large, instead of many smaller families, are too obvious, and Robert Owen has made them too well known, to render it necessary for me to expatiate on them here.

"The cost of their passage-money

being set aside, I would advise a fam ly so circumstanced, to buy all ther articles of which they would standi need here, and which they would othe wise have to purchase at an enormen price; but on no account to specula however flattering it may appear, any description of goods, but to bri out all their surplus capital in Span dollars. Their mode of operation settling can be explained only on spot.

"As there are many labourer: artificers in England scarcely able obtain subsistence, who would be ga to find the opportunity of coming this colony, it would be advisable t a rough house-carpenter be engaged. and bound for a certain term of at moderate wages. These emigas who can command sufficient capt should bring out farming men and ne chanics of all descriptions. Should emigrant not have been used to farming operations, a man competent to dertake the direction of a farm shoak. be engaged, on the same terms; and the expenses of their passage will be amply repaid by their service in th country, where farming men are scarce. as well as artificers and mechanics.

"Of the last class of emigrants! should advise them to proceed precis ly on the principles of the forme They would, of course, be able to par chase articles which would enable the to carry on their settling operation with greater facility and rapidity, to greater extent. They should br with them two carpenters, a smith, two brick-makers, a stone-mason, farming labourers as many as they can afford and domestic male and female servants

"I do not think it worth while, any case, to bring out live-stock for the sake of the breed. Sheep, whose wo is nearly as fine as can be imported, are to be obtained in these colonies cheaper than they can be brought from home. Our cattle are at least as fine; and

were proper care taken to prevent their breeding at too early an age, I think, would soon be superior. At present you see a calf sucking her mother, with her own calf (the calf's calf) by her

side. If there were an opportunity for transporting, cheaply, any animals, it should be a Saxon or Merino ram, of the finest wool and breed possible to be procured."

DR HENRY DEWAR.

THE death of Dr Dewar is one of those striking events which strongly affect the mind, and impress upon us a sense of our mortality. On Monday the 13th January he was present, in good health, at a meeting of the Royal Society, in the business of which he took a deep interest, and on Sunday the 19th January he breathed his last; his death being occasioned by infection derived from a body which he had opened in the course of his medical practice. On succeeding to the estate of Lassodie, Dr Dewar directed his attention to medicine, cultivated a knowledge of it with success, and served as an assistant-surgeon in the British army in Egypt, under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby. He was present at the battle of Alexandria, in which Sir Ralph was mortally wounded. On his return to England, he dedicated himself with increased ardour to the study of those branches of literature and

science particularly connected with ba profession; and his Essays on a varie ty of interesting topics, which has appeared in the medical and philo sophical journals of the last twenty years, evince the extent of his acquir ments, the soundness of his views, an the unceasing ardour with which be pursued every inquiry that promised to add to the happiness or alleviate the miseries of mankind. Death arrested him in the midst of an active and highly useful life. He was engaged in debvering a course of lectures on the Ins tutions of Medicine, a branch of science which he had cultivated with particu lar assiduity, and which he taught with corresponding success. He contribeted several valuable articles to the Ed burgh Encyclopædia, to the Supple ment to the Encyclopædia Britannia

to the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh-and, lattery he had bestowed a great portion of ha leisure hours in preparing an English translation of Malte Brun's System of

Geography, which should be worthy at once of the merits of the original work, and of the notice of the British public. As a friend, a husband, and a father, Dr Dewar was above all eulogy. In him extensive attainments and eminent talents were united with the most amiable dispositions, and the most unpretending modesty. His life was distinguished throughout by so much gentleness, candour, and liberality in his intercourse with others, yet with such perfect independence in holding and acting upon those views which appeared to his own mind to be correct, that we believe he has not left one enemy behind him, while numerous friends deeply lament his too early removal from among them.

COLONEL LAMBTON.

Jan. 20.-At Hingin Ghaut, 50 miles south of Nagpoor, while proceeding in the execution of his duty from Hydrabad towards Nagpoor, Lieut.-Col. Wm. Lambton, Superintendent of the Grand Trigonometrical Survey in India.

The Annals of the Royal and Asiatic Society bear ample testimony to the extent and importance of the labours of Colonel Lambton, in his measurement of an arc of the meridian in India, extending from Cape Comorin, in lat. 8. 23. 10. to a new base line, measured in lat. 21.6, near the village of Takoor kera, 15 miles S.E. from the city of Ellichpore, a distance exceeding that measure by the English and French geometers, between the parallels of Greenwich and Tormentara in the Island of Minorca.

It was the intention of Col. Lambton to have extended the arc to Agra, in which case the meridian line would have passed at short distances from Bhopaul, Serange, Nurwur, Gualiar, and Dholpore. At his advanced age,

VOL. XVI. PART III.

he despaired of health and strength remaining for further exertion; otherwise it cannot be doubted that it would have been a grand object of his ambition to have prolonged it through the Dooab, and across the Himalays, to the 32d degree of north latitude. If this vast undertaking had been achieved, and that it may yet be completed is not improbable, British India will have to boast of a much larger unbroken meridian line than has been before measured on the surface of the globe.

Though the measurement of the arc of the meridian was the principal object of the labours of Colonel Lambton, he extended his operations to the east and west, and the set of triangles covers great part of the Peninsula of India, defining with the utmost precision the situation of a very great number of principal places in latitude, longitude, and elevation; and affording a sure basis for an amended Geographical Map, which is now under preparation. The triangulation also connects the Coromandel and Malabar coasts in numerous important points, thus supplying the best means of truly laying down the shape of those coasts, and rendering an essential service to navigation.

It was the Colonel's intention to have himself carried the meridian line as far north as Agra, and he detached his first assistant, Captain Everest, of the Bengal Artillery, to extend a series of triangles westward to Bombay, and when that service should be completed eastward, to Point Palmyras, and probably Fort William, by which extensive and arduous operation, the three Presidencies of India would be connected, and several obvious advantages gained to geography and navigation. But it is in the volumes of the proceedings of various learned societies, that the accounts of the labours of this veteran philosopher, whose loss we lament, must be looked for, and who for 22

X

years carried on his operations in the ungenial climate with unabated zeal and perseverance, and died full of years and conscious of a well-deserved repu

tation.

The Rev. John Fleming.

There are few individuals, however limited the sphere of their actions, whose lives may not become an object of interest, when they are fairly and truly delineated. If a man has been gifted by Nature with talents or abilities which have been obscured by indolence, we may learn from it the duty of exertion; if he has been actively and usefully benevolent, the good may profit by his example.

The Rev. John Fleming, the subject of the present memoir, was born on the 31st of August 1750, at the farmhouse of Craigs, in the parish of Bathgate, West-Lothian.

himself with great enthusiasm to t cultivation of this primitive science and at a later period of life, it was constant maxim, that to make t blades of grass, or corn, spring where only one had formerly gro was conferring a solid benefit on the community.

Having been originally destined for the clerical office, on the completion of the prescribed course of study at the University, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Linlithgow.

dis

po

fav bee

des cou

Suc

dud

Hi

tha

The success of his farming opes tions soon induced his neighbours, defiance of their peculiar prejudices, adopt his improvements, and attract to also the attention of the great la holders of the county.

ter the

mir

on

tho

tee

ler

an

bei

Ten or twelve years of Mr Fleming life were passed in this obscure, thoug useful manner; and this interval afford ed him, also, that leisure for reading and reflection, which were afterward so conspicuous in the acquirements of his mind. About the year 1756, be became factor for Neil, Earl of Ros berry, and his residence was transfer! Wor to that nobleman's estate at Barnbough near Queensferry. There he spe some years, and had the opportunity under his lordship's tuition, of acq ing much knowledge of the world an of actual business, being employed Pro ternately as farmer, merchant, account ant, or lawyer, as the case required.

By the early decease of his father, the management of the small property to which he succeeded, devolved upon him; and not having any immediate view to preferment in the church, he turned his attention, in a great degree, to the improvement of his paternal estate. His natural sagacity, and superior education, soon led him to perceive that the state of agriculture in his native parish was capable of great improvement; and he lost no time in making himself acquainted with the best modes of draining, and enclosing, and the other farming operations, which of late years have added so much to the wealth and resources of the country. At this period, he often guided the plough, worked with his own hand in the labours of agriculture, and devoted

exc

his

18 t

ton

of

rem

fre

His situation in life was now, how or a ever, to be more permanently fired. for in the year 1789 he was presente by the Earl of Roseberry to the churc of Primrose, or Cairnton, in the pres bytery of Dalkeith, situated about te miles south of Edinburgh, where officiated as pastor for a period of #f

teen years.

stre and

T:

200

bit

In the discharge of his ministerieduties, Mr Fleming was distinguished by exemplary diligence; and his inte rest for the welfare of his parishioner was not exclusively confined to the spiritual concerns, but extended also their worldly comfort and prosperity bea His sermons, for several years after his settlement at Primrose, were ten and composed with much care, and

writ

of

Co

fr.