Martin's understanding was fo totally immersed in fenfible objects, that he demanded examples from material things of the abstracted Ideas of Logick; as for Crambe, he contented himself with the Words, and when he could but form fome conceit upon them, was fully fatisfied. Thus Crambe would tell his instructor,› that All men were not fingular; that Individuality could hardly be predicated of any man, for it was commonly faid, that a man is not the same he was; that madmen are befide themselves, and drunken men come to themselves; which shows, that few men have that most valuable logical endowment, Individuality *. Cornelius told Martin that a shoulder of mutton was an individual, which Crambe denied, for he had feen it cut into commons: That's true (quoth the Tutor), but you never faw it cut into shoulders of mutton: If it could (quoth Crambe), it would be the most lovely individual of the University. When he was told, a substance was that which was sub→ ject to accidents; then Soldiers (quoth Crambe) are the moft fubftantial people in the world. Neither would he allow it to be a good definition of accident, that it' could be prefent or abfent without the deftruction of the fubject; fince there are a great many accidents that deftroy the fubject, as burning does a house, and death But as to that, Cornelius informed him, that there was a natural death, and a logical death; that though a man, after his natural death, was not capable of the

a man.

*« But if it be poffible for the fame man to have distinct in"communicable consciousness at different times, it is without doubt "the fame man would, at different times, make different perfons. "Which we fee is the fenfe of mankind in not punishing the mad"man for the fober man's actions, nor the fober man for what, the "madman did, thereby making them two perfons; which is fome. "what explained by our way of fpeaking in English, when they "fay fuch an one is not himself, or is befide himself." Locke's Effay en Hum Understand. B. ii. c. 27.

leaft parish office, yet he might ftill keep his Stall amongst the logical predicaments.

Cornelius was forced to give Martin fenfible images. Thus, calling up the Coachman, he asked him what he had seen in the Bear-garden? the man answered, he saw two men fight a prize; one was a fair man, a Serjeant in the Guards; the other black, a Butcher; the Serjeant had red Breeches, the Butcher blue; they fought upon a stage about four o'clock, and the Serjeant wounded the Butcher in the leg." Mark (quoth Cornelius) "how the fellow runs through the predicaments. Men, "fubftantia; two, quantitas; fair and black, qualitas ; "Serjeant and Butcher, relatio; wounded the other, "actio et paffio; fighting, fitus ; ftage, ubi; two o'clock, "quando; blue and red Breeches, habitus." At the fame time he warned Martin, that what he now learned as a Logician, he muft forget as a natural Philofopher; that though he now taught them that accidents inhered in the fubject, they would find in time there was no fuch thing; and that colour, taste, fmell, heat and cold, were not in the things, but only phantafms of our brains. He was forced to let them into this fecret, for Martin could not conceive how a habit of dancing inhered in a dancing-mafter when he did not dance; nay, he would demand the Characteris ticks of Relations. Crambe used to help him out, by telling him, a Cuckold, a lofing Gamester, a man that had not dined, a young heir that was kept short by his father, might be all known by their countenance; that, in this last case, the Paternity and Filiation leave very fenfible impreffions in the relatum and correlatum. The greateft difficulty was, when they came to the Tenth predicament. Crambe affirmed that his babitus was more a substance than he was; for his clothes could better fubfift without him, than he without his clothes.

Martin fuppofed an Universal Man to be like a Knight of a Shire or a Burgefs of a Corporation, that reprefented a great many Individuals. His father asked him, if he could not frame the Idea of an Univerfal Lord Mayor? Martin told him, that, never having seen but one Lord Mayor, the Idea of that Lord Mayor always returned to his mind; that he had great difficulty to abstract a Lord Mayor from his Fur Gown, and Gold Chain ; nay, that the horse he faw the Lord Mayor ride upon not a little disturbed his imagination. On the other hand, Crambe, to show himfelf of a more penetrating genius, fwore that he could frame a Conception of a Lord Mayor not only without his Horfe, Gown, and Gold Chain, but even without Stature, Feature, Colour, Hands, Head, Feet, or any Body; which he supposed was the abstract of a Lord Mayor *. Cornelius told him, that he was a lying Rafcal; that an Univerfale was not the object of imagination, and that there was no fuch thing in reality, or a parte R.i. But I can prove (quoth Crambe) that there are Chyftes a parte Rei, but Clyfters are univerfales; ergo. Thus I prove my Minor. d ́kâ ཉྩའིི Do y ▲ univerfale oý definition: but every clyfter before it is adminifiered has that quality; therefore every clyfter is an univerfale.

He alfo found fault with the Advertisements, that they were not ftrict logical definitions: In an advertisement of a Dog ftolen or ftrayed, he faid, it ought to begin thus, An irrational animal of the Genus Caninum, &c. Cornelius told them, that though those advertisements were not framed according to the exact rules of logical definitions, being only deferiptions of things numero differentibus, yet they contained a faint image of

*This is not a fair representation of what is faid in the Effay of Hum. Underft. concerning general and abftract ideas. But lerious writers have done that Philofopher the fame injuftice.

the prædicabilia, and were highly fubfervient to the common purposes of life; often difcovering things that were loft, both animate and inanimate. An Italian Greyhound, of a moufe-colour, a white fpeck in the neck, lame of one leg, belongs to fuch a Lady. Greyhound, genus; mousecoloured, &c. differentia; lame of one leg, accidens ; belongs to fuch a Lady, proprium.

Though I am afraid I have tranfgreffed upon my Reader's patience already, I cannot help taking notice of one thing more extraordinary than any yet mentioned; which was Crambe's Treatife on Syllogifms. He fuppofed that a Philosopher's brain was like a great Foreft, where Ideas ranged like animals of feveral kinds; that thofe Ideas copulated, and engendered Conclufions; that when thofe of different Species copulate, they bring forth monfters or abfurdities; that the Major is the male, the Minor the female, which copulate by the Middle Term, and engender the Conclufion. Hence they are called the præmiffa, or Predeceffors of the Conclufion and it is properly faid by the Logicians, quod • fcientiam opinionem, they beget fcience, opinion, Univerfal Propofitions are rerions u and therefore in Logick they are faid to be of the first Figure. Singular Propofitions are private perfons, and therefore placed in the third or laft figure, or rank. From thofe principles all the rules of Syllogifms naturally follow.

&c.

:

qually,

I. That there are only three Terms, neither more nor lefs; for to a child there can be only one father and one mother.

II. From univerfal premises there follows an univerfal conclufion, as if one fhould fay, that perfons of quality always beget persons of quality.

III. From the fingular premises follows only a fingular conclufion, that is, if the parents be only private people, the iffue must be so likewise.

IV. From particular propofitions nothing can be concluded, because the Individua vaga are (like whoremasters and common ftrumpets) barren.

V. There cannot be more in the conclufion than was in the premises; that is, children can only inherit from their parents.

VI. The conclufion follows the weaker part; that is, children inherit the diseases of their parents.

VII. From two negatives nothing can be concluded, for from divorce or feparation there can come no iffue.

VIII. The medium cannot enter the conclufion, that being logical incest,

IX. An hypothetical propofition is only a contract, or a promise of marriage; from such therefore there can spring no real issue.

X. When the premises or parents are neceffarily joined (or in lawful wedlock), they beget lawful iffue; but contingently joined, they beget baftards.

So much for the Affirmative Propofitions; the Negative must be deferred to another occafion.

Crambe used to value himself upon this fyftem, from whence he said one might see the propriety of the expreffion, fuch a one has a barren imagination; and how common is it for fuch people to adopt conclufions that are not the issue of their premises? therefore as an Abfurdity is a Monster, a Falfity is a Baftard; and a