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racter as well as the effect of war on our lawful commerce.

With this evidence of hostile inflexibility, in trampling on rights which no independent nation can relinquish, congress will feel the duty of putting the United States into an armour and an attitude demanded by the crisis, and corresponding with the national spirit and expectations.

I recommend, accordingly, that adequate provision be made for filling the ranks and prolonging the enlistments of the regular troops; for an auxiliary force, to be engaged for a more limited time; for the acceptance of volunteer corps, whose patriotic ardour may court a participation in urgent services; for detachments, as they may be wanted, of other portions of the militia; and for such a preparation of the great body, as will proportion its usefulness to its intrinsic capacities. Nor can the occasion fail to remind you of the importance of those military seminaries, which, in every event, will form • valuable and frugal part of our military establishment.

The manufacture of cannon and small arms has proceeded with due success, and the stock and resources of all the necessary munitions are adequate to emergencies. It will not be inexpedient, however, for congress to authorize an enlargement of them.

Your attention will of course be drawn to such provisions, on the subject of our naval force, as may be required for the services to which it may be best adapted. I submit to congress the seasonableness, also, of an authority to augment the stock of such materials as are imperishable in their nature, or may not at once be attainable.

In contemplating the scenes which distinguish this momentous epoch, and estimating their claims to our attention, it is impossible to overlook those developing themselves among the great communities which occupy the south

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ern portion of our own hemisphere, and extend into our neighbourhood. An enlarged philanthropy, and an enlightened forecast, concur in imposing on the national councils an obligation to take a deep interest in their destinies; to cherish reciprocal sentiments of good-will; to regard the progress of events; and not to be unprepared for whatever order of things may be ultimately established.

Under another aspect of our situ ation, the early attention of congress will be due to the expediency of further guards against evasions and infractions of our commercial laws. The practice of smuggling, which is odious every where, and particularly criminal in free governments, where, the laws being made by all for the good of all, a fraud is committed on every individual as well as on the state, attains its utmost guilt, when it blends, with a pursuit of ignominious gain, a treacherous subser viency, in the transgressors, to a foreign policy adverse to that of their own country. It is then that the virtuous indignation of the public should be enabled to manifest itself, through the regular animadversions of the most competent laws.

To secure greater respect to our mercantile flag, and to the honest interests which it covers, it is expedient, also, that it be made punishable in our citizens to accept licences from foreign governments, for a trade unlawfully interdicted by them to other American citizens; or to trade under false colours or papers of any sort.

A prohibition is equally called for against the acceptance, by our citizens, of special licences, to be used in a trade with the United States; and against the admission into particular ports of the United States, of vessels from fo-. reign countries, authorised to trade with particular ports only.

Although other subjects will press more immediately on your delibera

tions, a portion of them cannot but be well bestowed on the just and sound policy of securing to our manu. factures the success they have attained, and are still attaining, in some degree, under the impulse of causes not permanent; and to our navigation, the fair extent of which is at present abridged, by the unequal regulations of foreign governments.

Besides the reasonableness of saving our manufacturers from sacrifices which a change of circumstances might bring on them, the national interest requires that, with respect to such articles, at least, as belong to our defence and our primary wants, we should not be left. in unnecessary dependence on external supplies. And whilst foreign governments adhere to the existing discriminations in their ports against our navigation, and an equality or lesser discrimination is enjoyed by their navigation in our ports, the effect cannot be mistaken, because it has been seriously felt by our shipping interests; and in proportion as this takes place, the advantages of an independent conveyance of our products to foreign markets, and of a growing body of mariners, trained by their occupations for the service of their country in times of danger, must be diminished.

The receipts into the treasury, during the year ending on the 30th of September last, have exceeded thirteen millions and a half of dollars; and have

enabled us to defray the current expences, including the interest on the public debt, and to reimburse more than five millions of dollars of the principal without recurring to the loan authorised by the act of the last session. The temporary loan obtained in the latter end of the year 1810 has also been reimbursed, and is not included in that amount.

The decrease of revenue, arising from the situation of our commerce and the extraordinary expences which have and may become necessary, must be taken into view, in making commen surate provisions for the ensuing year. And I recommend to your consideration the propriety of ensuring a suffi ciency of annual revenue, at least, to defray the ordinary expences of government, and to pay the interest on the public debt, including that on new loans which may be anthorised.

I cannot close this communication without expressing my deep sense of the crisis in which you are assembled, my confidence in a wise and honourable result to your deliberations, and assu rances of the faithful zeal with which my cooperating duties will be dischar ged; invoking, at the same time, the blessing of heaven on our beloved country, and on all the means that may be employed in vindicating its rights and advancing its welfare.

(Signed) JAMES MADDISON. Washington, Nov. 5, 181

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LIST OF PATENTS IN 1811, seism

Mr William Clerk, Edinburgh, for a newly constructed grate for prevent ing smoke, and regulating heat.

Mr David Meade Randolph, Gol den-square, London, for a method of manufacturing all kinds of boots, shoes, &c. by means of a substitute for thread made of hemp, flax, or other yarns.

Mr John Kent, Southampton, for a new method of moving all kinds of goods or materials to high buildings, or from deep places.

Mr Winsor, Pall Mall, London, for improvement upon his former oven stove for carbonizing all kinds of raw fuel, and for extracting the oil, acid, tar, gas, &c.

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Mr Thomas Meade, Yorkshire, for methods of making circular or rotative steam-engines upon an entire new prin ciple.

Mr Edward Shorter, Wapping, for an apparatus for working pumps. Mr Bryan Donkin, Bermondsey, for a pen of new construction.

Mr David Matthew, Rotherhithe, for an improved method of building locks, and for opening and shutting the same.

Mr John White, Westminster, for the discovery of a certain substance which is capable of being converted into statues, artificial stone, meltingpots, bricks, tiles, and every description of pottery.

Mr Richard Wilson, Lambeth, for

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sundry apparatus or machinery for the manufacture of felt or stuff hats.

Mr Bundy, Camden-Town, for a new method of heading pins.in s vol

James Frost and Son, Sutton-streets Clerkenwell, for an improvement on cocks, or an improved lock-cock.

Mr Richard Woodman, Hammersmith, for a method of manufacturing all kinds of boots, shoes, and other articles.

Mr Henry Stubbs, Piccadilly, for al new-invented grand imperial Aulam from three to twenty feet wide, without seam, and to any length or colour, for decorating rooms, &c. good bas

Mr John Isaac Hawkins, Great Titchfield-street, for a certain instruq ment applicable in mechanics as a ba lance or equipoise on adt g9sant ot

Mr Thomas Pott, Hackney, for a new process of freeing tarred rope from tar, and of rendering it of use to the manufacturer. piderreq

Mr Johann George Deyerlein, Longacre, for a machine, new principle, orq method, of making bricks and tiles, and other kinds of pottery. «M

Mr Peter Stuart, Fleet street, form a new method of engraving and printe ing maps, &c.] www?) do\n? z M

Mr John Lindsay, Grove house,m Middlesex, for a boat and various apd paratus, whereby heavy burdens camo be conveyed in shallow waterfaswanied

Mr Winsor, Pall-mall, for a fixed telegraphic light-house, &c. for signale

and intelligence, to serve by night and by day.

Mr John Deakin, St John's-street, Middlesex, for improvements in the kitchen range.

Mr John Bradley, Old Swinford, Staffordshire, for a new method of making gun-skelps.

Sir Isaac Coffin, for a new invention of a perpetual oven for baking bread.

Mr Ralph Wedgewood, Oxfordstreet, for a new character for language, numbers, and music, and the method of applying the same.

Mr William Doughty, Birmingham, for a method of combining wheels for gaining mechanical powers.

Mr George Lowe, Cheapside, for British shirting cloth.

-1 Mr Egerton Smith, Liverpool, for a binnacle and compass.

for certain improvements in apparatus for the combination and condensation of gasses and vapours applicable to processes of distillation.

Mr Richard Jackson, Southwark, for an improved method of making the shanks of anchors and other large bodies of wrought iron.

Mr Samuel Hill, Serle-street, for a more effectual method of joining stone pipes.

Mr David Loeschman, Newmanstreet, for improvements in the musical scales of keyed instruments with fixed

tones.

Mr Joseph Dyer, Gray's-inn, for improvements in the construction and method of using plates and presses for copper-plate printing.

Mr Hall, Walthamstow, for a method of manufacturing from twigs or branches of broom, mallows, rushes, and other plants of like species, to serve instead of flax x or hemp.

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19 Mr James Bell, Whitechapel, for improvements in refining sugar, and in forming sugar-houses of a certain de- Mr Thomas Wade, Nelson-place, scription. Surrey, for a method of imitating lapis lazuli, porphyry, jasper, &c.

I、༩༦ ༣༤ 7.1 Mr John Gregory, Islington, for a method of tunning and cleansing ales and beers into casks.

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3Mr Arthur Wolf, Lambeth, for improvements in the construction and working of steam-engines, calculated to lessen the consumption of fuel.

Mr. Peter Durand, Hoxton-square, forca method of preserving animal and vegetable food, &c. a long time from perishing.

- Mr. John Cragg, Liverpool, for improvements in the casting of iron roofs for houses, &c.

Mr William Muller, London, for improvements in the construction of pumps, bus gates

Mrs Sarah Guppy, Bristol, for a made of erecting and constructing bridges and rail-roads, without arches or starlings, by which the danger of being washed away by floods is avoided. Mr John Stancliffe, Tooke's-court, VOZIVO ÞART II.

Mr John Statter, Birmingham and Holborn, for a steam kitchen and roaster.

Mr Walter Rochfort, Bishopgatestreet, for an improved method of preparing coffee by compression.

Mr John Turmeau and Charles Seward, Cheapside, for a new lamp, called the Liverpool Lamp..

Mr Joseph Dyer, London, for a machine for cutting and removing all the kinds of furs used in hat-making. from skins, and for cutting the skins into strips or small pieces.

Mr John Frazer, Sloane-street, for a discovery of certain vegetables, and a way of preparing them to be manuя}} factured into hats, bonnets, chair-bot toms, baskets, &c.

Mr William Bundy, Camden-towng for an improvement on stringed instruer. ments..rozis W Jin.fisi M

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* Commissioners having been appointedin Ireland for the purpose of enquiring into the practicability of this scheme, the first report on the subject was delivered to the House of Commons in the summer of 1810, from which the following particulars concerning the nature and extent of those morasses are extracted.

"An object, on the due attainment of which depended in a great degree the success of our undertaking, was the proper division of the bogs of Ire land into the districts referred to in the first article of the instructions; and further, to determine in what part we should first apply those means entrust ed to us, and which we at once perceived were utterly inadequate to the execution of any plan that should em brace the entire extent of Ireland.

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bogs of less extent than 500 acres ; in its form resembling a broad belt drawn across the centre of Ireland, with its narrowest end nearest to the capital, and gradually extending in breadth ar it approaches to the western ocean. This great division of the island ex tending from east to west, is traversed by the Shannon from north to south, and is thus divided into two parts; of these, the division to the westward of the river contains more than double the extent of the bogs which are to be found in the division to the eastward; so that if we suppose the whole of the bogs of Ireland (exclusive of mere mountain bog, and of bogs under 500 acres) to be divided into twenty parts, we shall find about seventeen of them comprized within the great divi sion we have now described, twelve to the westward, and five to the eastward of the Shannon; and of the remaining three parts, about two are to the south, and one to the north of this division. Of the positive amount of their conel tents we have as yet no data that can enable us to speak with any precision;1 but we are led to believe, from variops communications with our engineersy that the bogs in the eastern division of the great district above described amount to about 260,000 English acres which, on the proportion already men tioned, would give rather more than one million of English acres as the total contents of the bogs of Ireland peke

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