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tions, a portion of them cannot but be well bestowed on the just and sound policy of securing to our manufactures the success they have attained, and are still attaining, in some degree, under the impulse of causes not permanent; and to our navigation, the fair extent of which is at present abridged, by the unequal regulations of foreign governments.

Besides the reasonableness of saving our manufacturers from sacrifices which a change of circumstances might bring on them, the national interest requires that, with respect to such articles, at least, as belong to our defence and our primary wants, we should not be left in unnecessary dependence on external supplies. And whilst foreign governments adhere to the existing discriminations in their ports against our navigation, and an equality or lesser discrimination is enjoyed by their navigation in our ports, the effect cannot be mistaken, because it has been seriously felt by our shipping interests; and in proportion as this takes place, the advantages of an independent conveyance of our products to foreign markets, and of a growing body of mariners, trained by their occupations for the service of their country in times of danger, must be diminished.

The receipts into the treasury, during the year ending on the 30th of September last, have exceeded thirteen millions and a half of dollars; and have

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enabled us to defray the current expences, including the interest on the public debt, and to reimburse more than five millions of dollars of the principal, without recurring to the loan authorised by the act of the last session. The temporary loan obtained in the latter end of the year 1810 has also been reimbursed, and is not included

in that amount.

The decrease of revenue, arising from the situation of our commerce and the extraordinary expences which have and may become necessary, must be taken into view, in making commen surate provisions for the ensuing year. And I recommend to your consideration the propriety of ensuring a suffi ciency of annual revenue, at least, to defray the ordinary expences of government, and to pay the interest on the public debt, including that on new loans which may be anthorised.

I cannot close this communication without expressing my deep sense of the crisis in which you are assembled, my confidence in a wise and honourable result to your deliberations, and assu rances of the faithful zeal with which my cooperating duties will be dischar ged; invoking, at the same time, the blessing of heaven on our beloved country, and on all the means that may be employed in vindicating its rights and advancing its welfare.

(Signed) JAMES MADDISON. Washington, Nov. 5, 1811.

LIST OF PATENTS IN 1811.

Mr William Clerk, Edinburgh, for a newly constructed grate for preventing smoke, and regulating heat.

Mr David Meade Randolph, Golden-square, London, for a method of manufacturing all kinds of boots, shoes, &c. by means of a substitute for thread made of hemp, flax, or other yarns.

Mr John Kent, Southampton, for a new method of moving all kinds of goods or materials to high buildings, or from deep places.

Mr Winsor, Pall Mall, London, for improvement upon his former oven stove for carbonizing all kinds of raw fuel, and for extracting the oil, acid, tar, gas, &c.

Mr Thomas Meade, Yorkshire, for methods of making circular or rotative steam-engines upon an entire new principle.

Mr Edward Shorter, Wapping, for an apparatus for working pumps. Mr Bryan Donkin, Bermondsey, for a pen of new construction.

Mr David Matthew, Rotherhithe, for an improved method of building locks, and for opening and shutting the same.

Mr John White, Westminster, for the discovery of a certain substance which is capable of being converted into statues, artificial stone, meltingpots, bricks, tiles, and every description of pottery. Mr Richard Wilson, Lambeth, for

sundry apparatus or machinery for the manufacture of felt or stuff hats. Mr Bundy, Camden-Town, for a new method of heading pins.

James Frost and Son, Sutton-street, Clerkenwell, for an improvement on cocks, or an improved lock-cock.

Mr Richard Woodman, Hammersmith, for a method of manufacturing all kinds of boots, shoes, and other articles.

Mr Henry Stubbs, Piccadilly, for a new-invented grand imperial Aulæum, from three to twenty feet wide, without seam, and to any length or colour, for decorating rooms, &c.

Mr John Isaac Hawkins, Great Titchfield-street, for a certain instrument applicable in mechanics as a balance or equipoise

Mr Thomas Pott, Hackney, for a new process of freeing tarred rope from tar, and of rendering it of use to the manufacturer.

MrJohann George Deyerlein, Longacre, for a machine, new principle, or method, of making bricks and tiles, and other kinds of pottery.

Mr Peter Stuart, Fleet-street, for a new method of engraving and printing maps, &c.

Mr John Lindsay, Grove-house, Middlesex, for a boat and various apparatus, whereby heavy burdens can be conveyed in shallow water.

Mr Winsor, Pall-mall, for a fixed telegraphic light-house, &c. for signals

and intelligence, to serve by night and by day.

Mr John Deakin, St John's-street, Middlesex, for improvements in the kitchen range.

Mr John Bradley, Old Swinford, Staffordshire, for a new method of making gun-skelps.

Sir Isaac Coffin, for a new invention of a perpetual oven for baking bread.

Mr Ralph Wedgewood, Oxfordstreet, for a new character for language, numbers, and music, and the method of applying the same.

Mr William Doughty, Birmingham, for a method of combining wheels for gaining mechanical powers.

Mr George Lowe, Cheapside, for British shirting cloth.

Mr Egerton Smith, Liverpool, for a binnacle and compass.

Mr James Bell, Whitechapel, for improvements in refining sugar, and in forming sugar-houses of a certain description.

Mr John Gregory, Islington, for a method of tunning and cleansing ales and beers into casks.

Mr Arthur Wolf, Lambeth, for improvements in the construction and working of steam-engines, calculated to lessen the consumption of fuel.

Mr Peter Durand, Hoxton-square, for a method of preserving animal and vegetable food, &c. a long time from perishing.

Mr John Cragg, Liverpool, for improvements in the casting of iron roofs for houses, &c.

Mr William Muller, London, for improvements in the construction of pumps.

Mrs Sarah Guppy, Bristol, for a mode of erecting and constructing bridges and rail-roads, without arches or starlings, by which the danger of being washed away by floods is avoided. Mr John Stancliffe, Tooke's-court,

VOL. IV. PART II.

for certain improvements in apparatus for the combination and condensation of gasses and vapours applicable to processes of distillation.

Mr Richard Jackson, Southwark, for an improved method of making the shanks of anchors and other large bodies of wrought iron.

Mr Samuel Hill, Serle-street, for a more effectual method of joining stone pipes.

Mr David Loeschman, Newmanstreet, for improvements in the musical scales of keyed instruments with fixed

tones.

Mr Joseph Dyer, Gray's-inn, for improvements in the construction and method of using plates and presses for copper-plate printing.

Mr Hall, Walthamstow, for a method of manufacturing from twigs or branches of broom, mallows, rushes, and other plants of like species, to serve instead of flax or hemp.

Mr Thomas Wade, Nelson-place, Surrey, for a method of imitating lapis lazuli, porphyry, jasper, &c.

Mr John Statter, Birmingham and Holborn, for a steam kitchen and roaster.

Mr Walter Rochfort, Bishopgatestreet, for an improved method of preparing coffee by compression.

Mr John Turmeau and Charles Seward, Cheapside, for a new lamp, called the Liverpool Lamp.

Mr Joseph Dyer, London, for a machine for cutting and removing all the kinds of furs used in hat-making from skins, and for cutting the skins into strips or small pieces.

Mr John Frazer, Sloane-street, for a discovery of certain vegetables, and a way of preparing them to be manufactured into hats, bonnets, chair-bottoms, baskets, &c.

Mr William Bundy, Camden-town, for an improvement on stringed instruments.

PROJECTS AND USEFUL INVENTIONS.

Proposed Drainage of the Bogs in bogs of less extent than 500 acres ;

Ireland.

Commissioners having been appointedin Ireland for the purpose of enquiring into the practicability of this scheme, the first report on the subject was delivered to the House of Commons in the summer of 1810, from which the following particulars concerning the nature and extent of those morasses are extracted.

"An object, on the due attainment of which depended in a great degree the success of our undertaking, was the proper division of the bogs of Ire land into the districts referred to in the first article of the instructions; and further, to determine in what part we should first apply those means entrust ed to us, and which we at once perceived were utterly inadequate to the execution of any plan that should embrace the entire extent of Ireland.

"From inspection of the map executed by General Vallency, we were enabled to consider these bogs as forming one connected whole, and to come to the general conclusion, that a portion of Ireland, of little more than onefourth of its entire superficial extent, and included between a line drawn from Wicklow-head to Galway, and an other drawn from Howth-head to Sligo, comprises within it about sixsevenths of the bogs in the island, exclusive of mere mountain-bogs and

in its form resembling a broad belt drawn across the centre of Ireland, with its narrowest end nearest to the capital, and gradually extending in breadth as it approaches to the western ocean, This great division of the island extending from east to west, is traversed by the Shannon from north to south, and is thus divided into two parts; of these, the division to the westward of the river contains more than double the extent of the bogs which are to be found in the division to the eastward; so that if we suppose the whole of the bogs of Ireland (exclusive of mere mountain bog, and of bogs under 500 acres) to be divided into twenty parts, we shall find about seventeen of them comprized within the great division we have now described, twelve te the westward, and five to the eastward of the Shannon; and of the remaining three parts, about two are to the south, and one to the north of this division. Of the positive amount of their contents we have as yet no data that can enable us to speak with any precision; but we are led to believe, from various communications with our engineers, that the bogs in the eastern division of the great district above described amount to about 260,000 English acres, which, on the proportion already mentioned, would give rather more than one million of English acres as the total contents of the bogs of Ireland'; ex

luding, however, from consideration mere mountain bogs, and also all bogs of less extent than 500 acres, of each of which description the amount is very considerable; of the extent of the latter some idea may be formed from a fact which we have learned from Mr Larkin; that in the single county of Cavan, which he has surveyed, there are above 90 bogs, no one of which exceeds 500 Irish acres, but which taken collectively contain about 11,000 Irish, which is equivalent to above 17,600 English acres, besides many smaller bogs varying in size from five to twenty acres.

"Most of the bogs which lie to the eastward of the Shannon, and which occupy a considerable portion of the King's county and county of Kildare, are generally known by the name of the Bog of Allen: it must not how ever be supposed that this name is applied to any one great morass: on the contrary, the bogs to which it is applied are perfectly distinct from each other, often separated by high ridges of dry country, and inclining towards different rivers, as their natural directions for drainage, so intersected by dry and cultivated land, that it may be affirmed generally, there is no spot of these bogs, to the eastward of the Shannon, so much as two Irish miles distant from the upland and cultivated districts.

"With this first and general view of the subject, we had no hesitation in se lecting at once the whole of the eastern portion of the great district above referred to, as the object of our first enquiries, forming in itself one whole, whose parts had more or less connection with each other, lying in the centre of Ireland, in the immediate vicini. ty of some of the richest and best cultivated counties; intersected also by the two great lines of navigation, the Grand and the Royal canals, and presenting in common apprehension very

considerable obstacles to improvement, the overcoming of which would in itself demonstrate the practicability of the improvement of the bogs of Ireland in most other cases."

The commissioners then proceed to state the particulars of their parcelling out the bogs to be surveyed, to different engineers, with the pay allotted to them and the persons employed under them; and they then give some ob servations derived from the first report delivered in, that of Mr Griffith, to whom was consigned a district forming the eastern end of the Bog of Allen, and containing 36,430 English acres of bog. Of these we shall transcribe some of the most instructive.

"There are many, we believe, who consider the bogs of Ireland to be low and marshy tracts of country, not very dissimilar in their composition from the fens of Lincolnshire; others, aware that the substance of which they are formed greatly differs from that of the fen districts, attribute nevertheless the origin of both to pretty nearly the same causes; while an opinion, more prevalent, and perhaps not less erroneous, than either of the foregoing, attributes their formation to fallen forests, which are supposed at some former period to have covered these districts, and to have been destroyed either by the ef fects of time, or by hostile armies in the early wars of Ireland.

"The facts stated in Mr Griffith's report are obviously inconsistent with any of these suppositions; the bogs which he has surveyed being every where in elevated situations; and the trees which have hitherto been so constantly found buried in the edges of these bogs, where alone it is probable they have generally been sought for, are very rarely to be found in the interior parts, at least of this district.

"Without entering in this report into any enquiry as to the origin of these peat bogs, we are however anxious to

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