Southern.

He disposes in my hands the scheme To reenthrone the king. REENTRANCE, n. s. Re and entrance. The act of entering again.

Their repentance, although not their first entrance, is notwithstanding the first step of their reentrance into life. Hooker.

The pores of the brain, through the which the spirits before took their course, are more easily opened to the spirits which demand reentrance.

Glanville's Scepsis. REEPHAM, a parish and market town of Norfolk seated on the river Eyne, thirteen miles northwest from Norwich, and 113 north by east from London. It is remarkable for having had anciently three churches, one in Reepham, another in Whitwell, and another in Hacton, two villages adjoining, all in one church-yard; the two former were long ago demolished, and the latter was burnt down, together with the greater part of the town, about the year 1500. The chief trade of this little town is in malt, and the market is held on Saturday.

REES (Abraham), D.D., F.R.S., and F.L.S. a late dissenting clergyman of distinguished literary and scientific rank, was the son of a nonconformist minister of the principality, and was born at, or in the neighbourhood of, Montgomery, in 1743. He was first placed under Dr. Jenkins of Carmarthen, and afterwards at the Hoxton Academy founded by Mr. Coward, where his progress was so rapid that in his nineteenth year he was appointed mathematical tutor to the institution, and soon after resident tutor, in which capacity he continued upwards of twenty-two years. In 1768 he became pastor of the presbyterian congregation of St. Thomas's Southwark, and continued in that situation till 1783, when he accepted an invitation to become minister of a congregation in the Old Jewry, with which he remained till his death. On the establishment of the New Dissenting College at Hackney, in 1786, Dr. Rees, who had seceded from Hoxton two years before, was elected to the situation of resident tutor in the natural sciences, which he held till the dis

solution of the academy, on the death of Dr. Kippis. But Dr. Rees, though esteemed throughout his long life, as an able and learned Arian divine, was principally and most advantageously known in his literary capacity. In 1776 he was applied to by the proprietors of Chambers's Cyclopædia as the person best qualified to superintend a new and enlarged edition of that compilation, which, after nine years' labor, he completed in four folio volumes. After this the proprietors edition; and he had the satisfaction to see the and our author projected a much improved Cyclopædia, now generally known by his name, proceed with credit from the publication of its first volume in 1802 to its completion in forty-five volumes, 4to. His other works are, Economy Illustrated and Recommended, 1800; Antidote to the Alarm of Invasion, 1805; Practical Sermons, 2 vols. 8vo., 1809-1812; The Principles of Protestant Dissenters stated and vindicated; and a variety of occasional Sermons. Dr. Rees, we are told, obtained his diploma from the university of Edinburgh at the express recommendation of Dr. Robertson the historian. His death took place June 9th, 1825.

REESTABLISH, v. a. Re and establish. To establish anew.

To reestablish the right of lineal succession to paternal government is to put a man in possession of that government which his fathers did enjoy. Locke.

Peace, which hath for many years been banished the christian world, will be speedily reestablished.

Smalridge.

The Jews made such a powerful effort for their reestablishment under Barchocab, in the reign of Adrian, as shook the whole Roman empire.

Addison.

REEVE, n. s. Sax. genera. A steward. Obsolete.

The reeve, miller, and cook, are distinguished.

Dryden.

REEVE (Clara), an ingenious modern authoress, was born at Ipswich in 1738. She possessed considerable learning, which she displayed in a translation of Barclay's Latin Romance of Argenis, published under the title of the Phoenix, or the History of Polyarchus and Argenis, 4 vols. 12mo., 1772; and the Progress of Romance. Her other works are, The Old English Baron The Two Mentors, a modern Story; The Exile ; The School for Widows; A Plan of Education, and Memoirs of Sir Roger de Clarendon, 4 vols. She died at Ipswich in 1806.

REEXAM'INE, v. a. Re and examine. To examine anew.

cause.

Spend the time in reexamining more duly your Hooker. RE-EXCHANGE, in commerce, a second payment of the price of exchange, or rather the price of a new exchange due upon a bill of exchange that is protested, and refunded the bearer by the drawer or indorser.

REFECT, v. a. I Lat. refectus. To reREFECTORY, n. s. ) fresh; to restore after hunger or fatigue: an eating-room. Not in use. A man in the morning is lighter in the scale, because in sleep some pounds have perspired; and is also lighter unto himself, because he is refected. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

After a draught of wine, a man may seem lighter in himself from sudden refection, though he be heavier in the balance, from a ponderous addition.

He cells and refectories did prepare. And large provisions laid of winter fare.

Browne.

Dryden. Fasting is the diet of angels, the food and refection of souls, and the richest aliment of grace. South. For sweet refection due,

The genial viands let my train renew. Pope. REFECTION, among ecclesiastics, is a spare meal or repast, for the support of life: hence the hall in convents, and other communities, where the monks, nuns, &c., take their refections or meals in common, is called the refectory. REFEL', v. a. Lat. refello. To refute; to

ters.

Watts.

REFER', v. a. & v. n. Fr. referer; Lat. REFEREE', n. s. refero. To send for REFERENCE, information or decisiREFEREN'DARY. on; reduce to a class REFER RIBLE, adj. or end; as a verbneuter, to respect; appeal: a referee is one to whom reference is made: as also is (obsolete) referendary; reference is dismission or deference to another tribunal; relation; respect: referrible, capable of reference.

The knowledge of that which man is in reference unto himself, and other things in relation unto man, I may term the mother of all those principles which are decrees in that law of nature, whereby human

actions are framed.

Hooker.

Queen Elizabeth's time was a golden age for a world of refined wits, who honoured poesy with their pens. Peacham. Love refines the thought, and hath his seat In reason.

Milton.

Dryden.

Chaucer refined on Boccace, and mended his stories.

Will any dog

Refinedly leave his bitches and his bones

To turn a wheel?

Id.

diluted with a quantity of water boiled with refined The red Dutch currant yields a rich juice to be

Sugar.

Mortimer. The more bodies are of kin to spirit in subtilty and refinement, the more diffusive are they. Norris. The pure limpid stream, when foul with stains, Works itself clear, and as it runs refines. Addison. The flirts about town had a design to leave us in the lurch, by some of their late refinements.

Id.

No men see less of the truth of things, than these great refiners upon incidents, who are so wonderfully subtle, and over-wise in their conceptions. Id. Spectator. in public and private affairs than the refinements of The rules religion prescribes are more successful irregular cunning. Rogers. He makes another paragraph about our refining in controversy, and coming nearer still to the church of Atterbury.

Rome.

Let a lord but own the happy lines; How the wit brightens, how the sense refines!

Pope.

The same traditional sloth which renders the bodies of children, born from wealthy parents, weak, may perhaps refine their spirits. Swift. From the civil war to this time, I doubt whether the corruptions in our language have not equalled its refinements. Id.

Some refiners pretend to argue for the usefulness of parties upon such a government as ours. Id. The religion of the gospel is only the refinement

and exaltation of our best faculties.

She judges of refinement by the eye,
He by the test of conscience, and a heart
Not soon deceived; aware that what is base
No polish can make sterling.

Law.

Cowper.

REFINING, in metallurgy, is the purifying metals from any accidental alloys with which they may be mixed. Gold, having the property which no other metal has of resisting the action of sulphur, antimony, nitrous acid, and muriatic acid, may be purified by these agents from all other metallic substances. These operations are distinguished by proper names, as purification of gold by antimony, parting, concentrated parting, dry parting. See ASSAYING and PARTING. As silver has also the property, which the less valuable metals have not, of resisting the action of nitre, it may be refined by this salt: but the term refining is chiefly applied to the purification o

2 F

gold and silver by lead in the cupel. This is performed by the destruction, vitrification, and scorification, of all the extraneous and destructible metallic substances with which they are alloyed. As gold and silver alone can resist the combined action of air and fire, there is a possibility of purifying gold and silver from all alloy of the other metals merely by the action of fire and air; only by keeping them fused till all the alloy be destroyed; but this purification would be very tedious and expensive, from the great consumption of fuel. Silver alloyed with copper has been exposed above sixty hours to a glass-house fire without being perfectly refined: the reason is, that, when a small quantity only of other metal remains united with gold or silver, it is protected from the action of the air, which is necessary for its combustion. This refining of gold and silver merely by the action of fire, which was the only method anciently known, was very tedious, difficult, expensive, and imperfect; but a much shorter and more advantageous method has been long practised. This consists in adding to the alloyed gold and silver a certain quantity of lead, and in exposing this mixture to the action of fire. The vessel in which the refining is performed is hollowed, but shallow, that the matter which it contains may present to the air the greatest surface possible. This form resembles that of a cup, and hence it is called a cupel. The surface ought to be vaulted, that the heat may be applied upon the surface of the metal during the whole time of the operation. Upon this surface a crust of dark colored pellicle is continually forming. In the instant when all the other metals are destroyed, the surface of the gold and silver is seen, and appears clean and brilliant. By this mark the metal is known to be refined. If the operation be so conducted that the metal sustains only the precise degree of heat necessary to keep it fused before it be perfectly refined, it fixes or becomes solid all at once in the very instant of the coruscation; because a greater heat is required to keep gold or silver in fusion when they are pure than when alloyed with lead. The operation of refining may be performed in small or in large quantities, upon the same principles, but only with some differences in the management. As the refining of small quantities of gold and silver is performed in the same manner as these metals are assayed, the assay being only a very accurate refining, we refer to the articles ASSAYING and METALLURGY.

REFIT', v. a. Fr. rejait. Re and fit. repair; to restore after damage.

Permit our ships a shelter on your shores, Refitted from your woods with planks and oars.

To

Dryden.

He will not allow that there are any such signs of art in the make of the present globe, or that there was so great care taken in the refitting of it up again at the deluge.

Woodward. REFLECT v. a. & v. n. Lat. reflecto. To REFLECTENT, adj. throw or bend back; REFLECTION, N. S. throw back light; REFLECTIVE, adj. bend back; throw REFLECTOR, n. s. back thought; consider; throw reproach or censure: reflectent is

The ray descendant, and the ray reflectent, flying with so great a speed that the air between them cannot take a formal play any way, before the beams of the light be on both sides of it; it follows, that, according to the nature of humid things, it must first only swell. Digby on the Soul. In every action reflect upon the end; and, in your Taylor. undertaking it, consider why you do it. With shame on his own counsels doth reflect. Who saith, who could such ill events expect?

Denham.

Reflection is the perception of the operations of our own minds within us, as it is employed about the ideas it has got.

Id.

This delight grows and improves under thought and reflection; and, while it exercises, does also endear itself to the mind; at the same time employing and inflaming the meditations. South's Sermons.

It is hard that any part of my land should be settled upon one who has used me so ill; and yet I could not see a sprig of any bough of this whole walk of trees, but I should reflect upon her and her severity. Addison's Spectator. Into myself my reason's eye I turned; And, as I much reflected, much I mourned. Prior. 'He died; and oh! may no reflection shed Its pois'nous venom on the royal dead.

In the reflective stream the sighing bride, Viewing her charms impaired, abashed shall hide Her pensive head.

Id.

Id.

Inanimate matter moves always in a straight line, and never reflects in an angle, nor bends in a circle, which is a continual reflection, unless either by some

external impulse, or by an intrinsick principle of gravity. Bentley's Sermons. What wounding reproaches of soul must he feel, from the reflections on his own ingratitude. Rogers. Job's reflections on his once flourishing estate did at the same time afflict and encourage him. Atterbury.

If the sun's light consisted but of one sort of rays, there would be but one colour, and it would be impossible to produce any new by reflections or refracCheyne.

tions.

Neither do I reflect in the least upon the memory of his late majesty, whom I entirely acquit of any imputation. Swift.

REFLECTING TELESCOPES. See OPTICS and TELESCOPES.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT. See OPTICS.

REFLECTING CIRCLE, an instrument for measuring angles to a very great degree of accuracy. It was invented by Mayer of Gottingen, principally with a view to do away the errors of the divisions of the limb; and has since been much improved by the Chevalier de Borda, and M. J. H. de Magellan. See NAVIGATION.

REFLEX, adj. & n. s. REFLEXIBILITY, n. S. REFLEX'IBLE, adj. REFLEXIVE, adj.

Lat. reflexus. Backward; backward direction: reflexibility is the quality of being reflexible reflexible, capable of being thrown back reflexive, thrown backwards: the adverb corresponding.

REFLEX'IVELY, adv.

:

model; change from worse to better: reformation is the act of so changing; applied particularly to the religious change of several European nations from popery in the sixteenth century: a reformer is one who effects a beneficial change of things or persons; one who particularly promoted the Protestant Reformation.

A sect in England, following the very same rule of policy, seeketh to reform even the French reformation, and purge out from thence all dregs of popery.

Never came reformation in a flood

Hooker

Hooker.

I'll say yon gray is not the morning's eye, 'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow. Shakspeare. That assurance reflexive cannot be a divine faith, but at the most an human, yet such as perhaps I may have no doubting mixed with. Hammond.

The motions of my mind are as obvious to the refler act of the soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon its own actions, as the passions of my sense are obvious to my sense; I see the object, and I perceive that I see it. Hale.

Solomon tells us life and death are in the power of the tongue, and that not only directly in regard of the good or ill we may do to others, but reflexively also in respect of what may rebound to ourselves.

Government of the Tongue. Reflexibility of rays is their disposition to be reflected or turned back into the same medium from any other medium, upon whose surface they fall; and rays are more or less reflexible which are turned back more or less easily.

Newton.

The order and beauty of the inanimate parts of the world, the discernible ends of them, do evince by a reflex argument that it is the workmanship, not of blind mechanism or blinder chance, but of an intelligent and benign agent.

Bentley.

Sir Isaac Newton has demonstrated, by convincing experiments, that the light of the sun consists of rays differently refrangible and reflexible; and that those rays are differently reflexible that are differently refrangible. Cheyne.

REFLOAT, n.s. Re and float. Ebb; reflux. The main float and refloat of the sea is by consent of the universe, as part of the diurnal motion.

Bacon. REFLOURISH, v. a. Re and flourish. To flourish anew.

Nor ever Hydra-headed wilfulness
So soon did lose his seat, as in this king.

Bacon.

Shakspeare. Our first reformers were famous confessors and martyrs all over the world. Public reformers had need first practise that on their own hearts which they purpose to try on others. King Charles.

May no such storm
Fall on our times, where ruin must reform.

Seat worthier of Gods was built

Denham.

With second thoughts, reforming what was old.

Milton.

And now prevailing love her face reforms. Dryden. Now lowering looks presage approaching storms,

Satire lavishes vice into reformation.

Id.

One cannot attempt the perfect reforming the languages of the world, without rendering himself ridiculous. Locke.

The complaint is more general than the endeavours to redress it: abroad every man would be a Sprat. reformer, how very few at home!

It was honour enough to behold the English churches reformed; that is, delivered from the reformers.

South.

The pagan converts mention this great reformation of those who had been the greatest sinners, with that sudden and surprising change which the Christian religion made in the lives of the most profligate.

Addison.

Was his doctrine of the mass struck out in this

conflict? or did it give him occasion of reforming in this point?

Atterbury. The burden of the reformation lay on Luther's shoulders. Atterbury. The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age; but that of a good one will not reform it. Swift.

REFORMATION. Amid the corruptions of the Christian church, from its first aberration from the simplicity of the gospel down to the council of Trent, there have ever been those who exhibited 'the faith and patience of the saints:' and to these persons, who amid persecution, and contempt, and neglect, were indeed the salt of the earth, we are indebted, under God, for those efforts which, after many conflicts and trials, terminated in the reformation of the Christian profession in the sixteenth century; and divested it of that gorgeousness, extravagance, and ceremonial for mality, by which its purity and spirituality had been long obscured, and well nigh obliterated. The conflicts between truth and error, light and darkness, had endured, with more or less of violence and alternate success, from the time of Paulinus of Apulia to that of Wickliff; and thence down to those of the great Luther. It is true the powers of ignorance and of a corrupt religion held the minds of mankind in the deepest thraldom; and few, comparatively, were those who felt their moral degradation, and sighed after a holier and a more pure faith: yet were these few valiant for the truth,' 'not counting their lives dear unto themselves. Of these many who adhered to the gospel, and remained uncorrupted amidst the growth of superstition; who deplored the miserable state to which Christianity was reduced by the alteration of its divine doctrines, and the vices of its profligate ministers; opposed with vigor the tyrannical ambition both of the lordly pontiff and the aspiring bishops; and in some provinces privately, in others openly, attempted the reformation of a corrupt and idolatrous church, and of a barbarous and superstitious age. This was, indeed, bearing

witness to the truth in the noblest manner.

Before, however, we enter on a review of the various attempts which were thus made to correct the abuses of the Roman church, it will be necessary to take a survey of its actual state, at the period to which we refer. That authority, to which the church could lay no claim for the purity of its members, was supported by its arrogant pretensions; availing itself of all notions, accidents, practices, and frauds, from which any advantage could be derived, till the whole monstrous accumulation assumed a coherent form, which well deserves to be called the mystery of iniquity. The scriptures, even in the Latin version, had long become a sealed book to the people and the Roman see, in proportion as it extended its supremacy, discouraged or proscribed the use of such vernacular versions as existed. This it did, not lest the ignorant and half informed should mistake the sense of Scripture, nor lest the presumptuous and the perverse should deduce new errors in doctrine, and more fatal consequences in practice, from its distorted language; but in the secret and sure consciousness that what was now taught as Christianity was not to be found in the written word of God. In maintenance of the dominant system, tradition,

At one time relics, or entire bodies, used to be carried about the country and exhibited to the credulous multitude; but this gainful practice gave occasion to such scandalous impostures that it was at length suppressed; but what is still encouraged is sufficiently disgraceful to the Ro

manists.

I. State of the Romish church.-A review of the then existing state of the Romish faith and practice will, at once, justify the efforts of those who sought to reform their abuses and restore the purity of its doctrine and discipline. The bodies of the saints were, at times, exposed in their churches, some dried and shrivelled, others reduced to a skeleton, clothed either in religious habits or in the most gorgeous garments;-a spectacle as ghastly as the superstition itself is degrading! The poor fragments of mortality, a scull, a bone, or the fragment of a bone, or tooth, or a tongue, were either set or mounted, according to the size, in gold or silver; deposited in costliest shrines of the finest workmanship, and enriched with the most precious gems. Churches soon began to vie with each other in the number and variety of these imaginary trea sures, which were sources of real wealth to their posessors: the instruments of our Lord's crucifixion were shown (the spear and the cross having, so it was pretended, been miraculously discovered); the clothes wherein he was wrapt in infancy; the manger in which he was laid; the vessels in which he converted water into wine at the marriage feast; the bread which he brake at the last supper; his vesture, for which the soldiers cast lots. Such was the impudence of Romish fraud, that portions were produced of the burning bush, of the manna which fell in the wilderness, of Moses's and Samson's honeycomb, of Tobit's fish, of the blessed Virgin's milk, and of our Saviour's blood! Enormous prices were paid by sovereigns for such relics; it was deemed excusable, not to covet merely, but to steal them; and if the thieves were sometimes miraculously punished they were quite as often enabled by miracle to effect the pious robbery, and bring the prize in triumph to the church for which it was designed. In the rivalry of deceit which the desire of gain occasioned, it often happened that the head of the same saint was