crowded to see the conqueror of Gaul, who had been absent nearly ten years. Such of the tribunes of the people as had fled to him for refuge reassumed their functions, mounted the rostra, and endeavoured to reconcile the people to the head of their party. Marc Antony particularly, and Cassius Longinus, moved that the senate should meet in the suburbs, that Cæsar might give them an account of his conduct. Accordingly, such of the senators as were at Rome assembled; when Cæsar made a speech in justification of all his proceedings, and concluded his harangue with proposing a deputation to Pompey, with offers of an amicable accommodation. He even desired the senate, to whom he paid great deference, to nominate some of their venerable body to carry proposals of peace to the consuls, and the general of the consular army; but none of the senators would take upon him that commission. He then, to provide himself with money for carrying on the war, had recourse to the public treasury. Metellus, one of the tribunes, opposed him: but Cæsar, laying his hand on his sword, threatened to kill him, and Metellus withdrew. Cæsar took out of the treasury, which was ever after at his command, an immense sum; some say 300,000 pounds weight of gold. With this supply of money he raised troops all over Italy, and sent governors into all the provinces subject to the republic. Cæsar now made Marc Antony commander-in-chief of the armies in Italy, sent his brother C. Antonius to govern Illyricum, assigned Cisalpine Gaul to Licinius Crassus, appointed M. Æmilius Lepidus governor of the capital; and, having got to gether some ships to cruise in the Adriatic and Mediterranean seas, he gave the command of one of his fleets to P. Cornelius Dolabella, and of the other to young Hortensius, son of the famous orator. As Pompey had sent governors into the same provinces, a war was thus kindled in almost all the parts of the known world. However, Cæsar would not trust any of his lieutenants with the conduct of the war in Spain, which was Pompey's favorite province, but took it upon himself; and, having settled his affairs at Rome, returned to Ariminum, and assembled his legions there.

In Transalpine Gaul he was informed that the inhabitants of Marseilles had resolved to refuse him entrance into their city, and that L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, whom he had generously pardoned and set at liberty after the reduction of Corfinium, had set sail for Marseilles with seven galleys, having on board a great number of his clients and slaves, with a design to raise the city in favor of Pompey. Cæsar sent for the fifteen chief magistrates of the city, and advised them to follow the example of Italy, and submit. The magistrates returned to the city, and soon after informed him that they were to stand neuter; but in the mean time Domitius, arriving with his small squadron, was received into the city, and declared general of all their forces. Hereupon Cæsar invested the town with three legions, and ordered twelve galleys to be built at Arelas to block up the port. But as the siege proved tedious he left C. Trebonius to carry it on, and D. Brutus to command the fleet, while

he continued his march into Spain, where he began the war with all the valor, ability, and success of a great general. Pompey had three generals in this peninsula, which was divided into two Roman provinces. Varro commanded in Farther Spain; and Petreius and Afranius, with equal power, and two considerable armies in Hither Spain. Cæsar, while yet at Marseilles, sent Q. Fabius, with three legions, to take possession of the passes of the Pyrenees, which Afranius had seized. Fabius executed his commission with great bravery, entered Spain, and left the way open for Cæsar, who quickly followed him. As soon as he had crossed the mountains, he sent out scouts to observe the enemy; by whom he was informed that Afranius and Petreius having joined their forces, consist ing of five legions, twenty cohorts of the natives, and 5000 horse, were advantageously posted on a hill of an easy ascent, in the neighbourhood of Ilerda, in Catalonia. Upon this Cæsar advanced within sight of the enemy, and encamped in a plain between the Sicoris and Cinga, now the Segro and Cinca, Between the eminence on which Afranius had posted himself and the city was a small plain, and in the middle of it a rising ground, which Cæsar attempted to seize, to cut off the communication between the enemy's camp and Ilerda, whence they had all their provisions. This occasioned a sharp dispute between three of Cæsar's legions and an equal number of the enemy, which lasted five hours with equal success, both parties claiming the victory. But Afranius's men, who had first seized the post, maintained it. Two days after this battle, continual rains, with the melting of the snow on the mountains, so swelled the two rivers between which Cæsar was encamped that they overflowed, broke down his bridges, and laid under water the neighbouring country to a great distance. This cut off the communication between his camp and the cities that had declared for him; and reduced him to such straits that his troops were ready to die for famine, wheat being sold in his camp at fifty Roman denarii per bushel, that is, £1 12s. 14d. sterling. He tried to rebuild his bridges, but in vain, the violence of the stream rendering all his endeadours fruitless. Upon the news of Cæsar's distress, many of the senators, who had hitherto stood neuter, hastened to Pompey's camp. Of this number was Cicero; who, without regard to the remonstrances of Atticus, or the letters Cæsar himself wrote to him, desiring him to join neither party, left Italy, and landed at Dyrrhachium, where Pompey received him with great joy. But the joy of Pompey's party was not long-lived. For Cæsar, after having attempted several times in vain to rebuild his bridges, caused boats to be made with all possible expedition; and while the enemy were diverted by endeavouring to intercept the succors that were sent him from Gaul, he laid hold of that opportunity to convey his boats in the night in carriages twenty-two miles from his camp; where with wonderful quickness a great detachment passed the Sicoris, and encamping on the opposite bank, unknown to the enemy, built a bridge in two days, opened a communication

with the neighbouring country, received the supplies from Gaul, and relieved the wants of his soldiers. Cæsar, being thus delivered from danger, pursued the armies of Afranius and Petreius with such superior address, that he forced them to submit without coming to a battle, and thus became master of all Hither Spain. The two generals disbanded their troops, sent them out of the province, and returned to Italy, after having solemnly promised never to assemble forces again, or make war upon Cæsar. Upon the news of the reduction of Hither Spain, the Spaniards in Farther Spain, and one Roman legion, deserted from Varro, Pompey's governor in that province, which obliged him to surrender his other legion and all his money. Cæsar, having thus reduced Spain in a few months, appointed Cassius Longinus to govern the two provinces with four legions, and then returned to Marseilles, which was just surrendering after a most vigorous resistance. Though the inhabitants had by their late treachery deserved a severe punishment, yet he granted them their lives and liberty; but stripped their arsenals of arms, and obliged them to deliver up all their ships. From Marseilles Cæsar marched into Cisalpine Gaul; and thence to Rome, where he laid the foundation of his future grandeur.

He found the city in a very different state from that in which he had left it. Most of the senators and magistrates were fled to Pompey at Dyrrhachium. However, there were still prætors there; and among them M. Æmilius Lepidus, afterwards a triumvir. The prætor, to ingratiate himself with Cæsar, nominated him dictator by his own authority, and against the inclination of the senate. Cæsar accepted the new dignity; but neither abused his power as Sylla had done, nor retained it so long. During the twelve days of his dictatorship, he governed with great moderation, and gained the affections both of the people and patricians. He recalled the exiles, granted the rights and privileges of Roman citizens to all the Gauls beyond the Po, and, as pontifex maximus, filled up the vacancies of the sacerdotal colleges with his own friends. But the chief use he made of his office was to preside at the election of consuls for the next year, when he got himself and Servilius Isauricus, one of his most zealous partizans, promoted to that dignity. And now being resolved to follow Pompey, and carry the war into the east, he set out for Brundusium, whither he had ordered twelve legions to repair. But on his arrival he found only five. The rest being afraid of the dangers of the sea, and unwilling to engage in a new war, had marched leisurely, complaining of their general for allowing them no respite, but hurrying them continually from one country to another. However Cæsar did not wait for them, but set sail with only five legions and 600 horse in the beginning of January. While the rest were waiting at Brundusium for ships to transport them over into Epirus, Cæsar arrived safe with his five legions in Chaonia, the north part of Epirus, near the Ceraunian mountains. There he landed his troops, and sent the ships back to Brundusium to bring over the legions left behind.

He

The war he was now entering upon was the most difficult he had yet undertaken. Pompey had for a whole year been assembling his troops from all the eastern countries. When he left Italy he had only five legions; but, since his arrival at Dyrrhachium he had been reinforced with one from Sicily, another from Crete, and two from Syria: 3000 archers, six cohorts of slingers, and 7000 horse, had been sent him by princes in alliance with Rome. All the free cities in Asia had reinforced his army with their best troops; Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and all the nations from the Mediterranean to the Euphrates, took up arms in his favor. had almost all the Roman knights in his squadrons, and his legions consisted mostly of veterans inured to the toils of war. He had also under him some of the best commanders of the republic, who had formerly conducted armies themselves. As for his navy, he had above 500 ships of war, besides a far greater number of small vessels, which were continually cruising on the coasts, and intercepted such ships as carried arms or provisions to the enemy. He had likewise above 200 senators, who formed a more numerous senate than at Rome. Cornelius Lentulus and Claudius Marcellus, the last year's consuls, presided in it at Thessalonica, where he built a stately hall for that purpose. There, on the motion of Cato, it was decreed that no Roman citizen should be put to death but in battle, and that no city subject to the republic should be sacked. They also decreed that they alone represented the Roman senate, and that those who resided at Rome were encouragers of tyranny, and friends of a tyrant. Many persons of eminent probity, who had hitherto stood neuter, now flocked to Cato from all parts. His cause was generally called the good cause, while Cæsar's adherents were looked upon as enemies to their country and abettors of tyranny. As soon as Cæsar landed, he marched to Oricum, in Epirus, which was taken without opposition. The like success attended him at Apollonia, and these two conquests opened a way to Dyrrhachium, where Pompey had his magazines of arms and provisions. But the fleet which he had sent back to Brundusium, to transport the rest of his troops, had been attacked by Bibulus, one of Pompey's admirals, who had taken thirty and inhumanly burnt them with the seamen on board. Bibulus, with 110 ships of war, had also taken possession of all the harbours between Salonium and Oricum; so that the legions at Brundusium could not venture to cross the sea without great danger of falling into the enemy's hands. By this news Cæsar was so much embarrassed that he made proposals of accommodation upon very moderate terms, viz., that both Pompey and he should disband their armies within three days, renew their former friendship, and return together to Italy. These proposals were sent by Verbullius Rufus, an intimate friend of Pompey, whom Cæsar had twice taken prisoner. Pompey, however, answered that he would not hearken to any terms, lest it should be said that he owed his life and return to Italy to Cæsar's favor. Cæsar again sent one Vatinius to confer with Pompey about a treaty of peace.

Labienus received the proposals; but, while they were conferring together, a party of Pompey's men discharged their darts at Vatinius and his attendants. Some of the guards were wounded, and Vatinius narrowly escaped with his life. In the mean time Cæsar advanced towards Dyrrhachium; but, Pompey unexpectedly appearing, he halted on the other side of the Apsus, where he entrenched himself. Pompey, however, durst not cross the river in Cæsar's sight; so that the two armies continued for some time quiet in their respective camps. Cæsar wrote repeatedly to Marc Antony, who commanded the legions in Italy, to come to his assistance; but received no answer. He then sent Posthumius, one of his lieutenants, with pressing orders to Marc Antony, Gabinius, and Calenus, to bring the troops to him at all events. Gabinius, unwilling to expose all the hopes of his general to the hazards of the sea, marched a great way about by Illyricum. But the Illyrians, who had declared for Pompey, fell unexpectedly upon him and killed him and all his men: Marc Antony and Calenus went by sea, and were in danger from one of Pompey's admirals; but brought their troops safe to shore at Nyphæum, near Apollonia. As soon as it was known that Antony was landed, Pompey marched to prevent his joining Cæsar. But Cæsar, hastening to the relief of his lieutenant, joined him before Pompey came up. Then Pompey retired to an advantageous post near Dyrrhachium, called Asparagium, and there encamped. Cæsar, having thus at length got all his troops together, offered Pompey battle, and kept his army drawn up in sight of the enemy. But, Pompey declining an engagement, he turned towards Dyrrhachium, as if he designed to surprise it. Pompey, following him at some distance, and letting him draw near to the city, encamped on a hill called Petra, which commanded the sea, and whence he could be supplied with provisions from Greece and Asia, while Cæsar was forced to bring corn by land from Epirus. This put Cæsar upon a new design, which was to surround an army far more numerous than his own, and, by shutting them up within a narrow tract of ground, distress them as much for want of forage. Accordingly, he drew a line of circumvallation from the sea quite round Pompey's camp, and kept him so closely blocked up that, though his men were presently supplied with provisions from sea, yet the horses of his army died in great numbers for want of forage. At length, being reduced to the utmost extremity for want of forage, Pompey resolved to force the enemy's lines. By the advice, therefore, of two deserters he embarked his archers, slingers, and light armed infantry, and, marching by land at the head of sixty cohorts, went to attack that part of Cæsar's lines which was next to the sea. He set out from his camp in the dead of the night; and, arriving at the post he designed to force by day-break, he began the attack by sea and land at the same time. The ninth legion, which defended that part of the lines, made a vigorous resistance; but being attacked in the rear by Pompey's men, who came by sea, and landed between Cæsar's two lines, they fled with such precipitation that the succors Marcellinus sent

them could not stop them. The ensign who carried the eagle at the head of the routed legion was mortally wounded; but before he died consigned the eagle to the cavalry, desiring them to deliver it to Cæsar. Pompey's men pursued the fugitives, and made such a slaughter of them that all the centurions of the first cohort were cut off except one. And now Pompey's army broke in like a torrent upon the posts Cæsar had fortified, and were advancing to attack Marcellinus, who guarded a neighbouring fort; but Marc Antony coming very seasonably to his relief with twelve cohorts they retired. Soon after Casar arrived with a strong reinforcement and posted himself on the shore, whence he observed an old camp, made within the place where Pompey was enclosed. Upon his quitting it Pompey had taken possession of it, and left a legion to guard it. This post Cæsar resolved to reduce. Accordingly he advanced secretly, at the head of thirtythree cohorts, in two lines; and, arriving at the camp before Pompey could have notice of his march, attacked it with great vigor, forced the first entrenchment, notwithstanding the brave resistance of Titus Pulcio, and penetrated to the second, whither the legion had retired. But here his right wing, in looking for an entrance into the camp, marched along the outside of a trench which Cæsar had formerly carried on from the left angle of his camp, about 400 paces, to a neighbouring river. This trench they mistook for the rampart of the camp; and, being thus led away from their left wing, they were soon after prevented from rejoining it by the arrival of Pompey, who came up at the head of a legion and a large body of horse. Then, that legion which Cæsar had attacked, taking courage, made a brisk sally, drove his men from the first entrenchment which they had seized, and put them in great disorder while they were attempting to pass the ditch. Pompey, falling upon them with his cavalry in flank, completed their defeat; and then, flying to the enemy's right wing, which had passed the trench, and was shut up between that and the ramparts of the old camp, made a most dreadful slaughter of them. This trench was filled with dead bodies; many falling into it in that disorder, and others passing over them and pressing them to death. In this distress Cæsar did all he could to stop the flight of his legionaries but to no purpose: the standard-bearers themselves threw down the Roman eagles when Cæsar endeavoured to stop them, and left them in the hands of the enemy, who on this occasion took thirty-two standards: a disgrace which Cæsar had never suffered before. He was himself in no small danger of falling by the hand of one of his own men, whom he took hold of when flying, bidding him stand and face about; but the man, apprehensive of the danger he was in, drew his sword, and would have killed him, had not one of his guards prevented the blow by cutoff his arm. Cæsar lost on this occasion 960 foot, 400 horse, five tribunes, and thirty-two centurions.

This loss and disgrace greatly mortified Cæsar, but did not discourage him. After he had, by his lenity and eloquent speeches, recovered the spirit of his troops, be decamped, and retired in

good order to Apollonia, where he paid the army and left his sick and wounded. Thence he marched into Macedon, where Scipio Metellus, Pompey's father-in-law, was encamped. He met with great difficulties on his march, the countries through which he passed refusing to supply his army with provisions. On his entering Thessaly he was met by Domitius, one of his lieutenants, whom he had sent with three legions to reduce Epirus. Having got all his forces together, he marched directly to Gomphi, the first town of Thessaly, which had been formerly in his interest, but now declared against him. Whereupon he attacked it with so much vigor that though the garrison was very numerous, and the walls were of an uncommon height, he made himself master of it in a few hours. Thence he marched to Metropolis, another town of Thessaly, which surrendered; as did all the other cities of the country, except Larissa, of which Scipio was master. On the other hand, Pompey, being continually importuned by the senators and officers of his army, left his camp at Dyrrhachium, and followed Cæsar, firmly resolved not to give him battle, but rather to distress him by straitening his quarters, and cuting off his convoys. As he had frequent opportunities of coming to an engagement, but always declined it, his friends and subalterns began to put ill constructions on his dilatoriness. These, with the complaints of his soldiers, made him at length resolve to venture a general action. With this design he marched into a large plain near the cities of Pharsalia and Thebes; which last was also called Philippi, from Philip V. of Macedon. Pompey pitched his camp on the declivity of a steep mountain, in a place altogether inaccessible. He was himself of the opinion that it was better to destroy the enemy by fatigue and want; but his officers forced him to call a council of war, when all to a man were for venturing a general action. The event of this battle was in the highest degree fortunate for Cæsar; who resolved to pursue his advantage and follow Pompey to whatever country he should select. Hearing, therefore, of his being at Amphipolis, he sent off his troops before him, and then embarked on board a little frigate in order to cross the Hellespont; but in the middle of the strait, he fell in with one of Pompey's commanders, at the head of ten ships of war. Cæsar, no way terrified at the superiority of his force, bore up to him and commanded him to submit. The other instantly obeyed, awed by the terror of Cæsar's name, and surrendered himself and his fleet at discretion.

Cæsar continued his voyage to Ephesus, then to Rhodes; and, being informed that Pompey had been there before him, he made no doubt but that he was filed to Egypt; wherefore he set sail for that kingdom, and arrived at Alexandria with about 4000 men. Upon his landing he received accounts of Pompey's miserable end, who had been assassinated by order of the treacherous king; and soon after one of the murderers came with his head and ring. But Cæsar turned away from it with horror, and soon after ordered a magnificent tomb to be built to his memory on the spot where he was murdered; and a tem

While

ple near the place to Nemesis. There were at that time two pretenders to the crown of Egypt: Ptolemy, the acknowledged king, and the celebrated Cleopatra his sister, who, by the incestuous custom of the country, was also his wife, and, by their father's will, shared jointly in the succession. However she aimed at governing alone; but, the Roman senate having confirmed her brother's title, she was banished into Syria with Arsinoe her younger sister. Cæsar, however, gave her new hopes of obtaining the kingdom, and sent both for her and her brother to plead their cause before him. Photinus, the young king's guardian, who had long borne the most inveterate hatred both to Cæsar and Cleopatra, disdained this proposal, and hacked his refusal by sending an army of 20,000 men to besiege him in Alexandria. Cæsar bravely repulsed the enemy; but, finding the city of too great extent to be defended by so small an army as 4000 men, he retired to the palace, which commanded the harbour, to make a stand. Achilles, who commanded the Egyptians, attacked him there with vigor, and endeavoured to make himself master of the fleet before the palace. On this Cæsar burnt the whole fleet, in spite of every effort to prevent it. He next took the Isle of Pharos, the key to Alexandria, by which he was enabled to receive the supplies sent him from all sides; and in this situation he determined to withstand the united force of all the Egyptians. In the mean time Cleopatra, having heard of the turn in her favor, got herself introduced into his chamber, and her caresses did not fail to fix him in her interest. Cleopatra was thus employed, her sister Arsinoe was engaged in the camp in pursuing a separate interest. She had, by the assistance of one Ganymede, made a large party in the Egyptian army in her favor; and soon after, having caused Achilles to be murdered, Ganymede took the command in his stead. Ganymede's principal effort in carrying on the siege was to let in the sea upon those canals which supplied the palace with fresh water; but this inconvenience Cæsar remedied by digging a great number of wells. His next endeavour was to prevent the junction of Caesar's twenty-fourth legion, which he twice attempted in vain. He soon after made himself master of a bridge which joined the Isle of Pharos to the continent, from which post Cæsar resolved to dislodge him. In the heat of action some mariners joined the combatants; but, seized with a panic, instantly fled, and spread a general terror through the army. All Cæsar's endeavours to rally his forces were in vain, the confusion was past remedy, and numbers were drowned or put to the sword in attempting to escape; on which, seeing the irremediable disorder of his troops, he retired to a ship. But he was no sooner on board than such crowds entered at the same time that he was apprehensive of the ship's sinking, and, jumping into the sea, swam 200 paces to the fleet before the palace. The Alexandrians, finding their efforts to take the palace ineffectual, now endeavoured to get their king out of Cæsar's power. For this purpose they made use of their customary arts of dissimulation, professing the utmost desire

for

peace, and only wanting the presence of their lawful prince to give a sanction to the treaty. Cæsar, though sensible of their perfidy, gave hem their king, as he was under no apprehension from a boy. Ptolemy, however, instead of promoting peace, made every effort to prolong aostilities. In this manner Cæsar was hemmed n for some time; and was only at last relieved from this mortifying situation by Mithridates Pergamenus, one of his faithful partisans; who, collecting a numerous army in Syria, marched into Egypt, and, joining with Cæsar, attacked the camp, and made a great slaughter of the Egyptians. Ptolemy himself, attempting to escape on board a vessel that was sailing down the river, was drowned by the ship's sinking; and Cæsar thus became sole master of all Egypt. He now therefore appointed that Cleopatra, with her younger brother, then an infant, should jointly govern, according to the intention of their father's will; and banished Arsinoe with Ganymede. For a while he also relaxed from his usual personal activity, captivated with the charms of Cleopatra, and passing whole nights in feasts with her. He even proposed to attend her up the Nile into Ethiopia; but the brave veterans who had followed his fortune boldly reprehended his conduct. Thus roused from his lethargy, he left Cleopatra, by whom he had a son, afterwards named Cesarion, to oppose Pharnaces king of Pontus. Here he was at tended with the greatest success; and, having settled affairs in this part of the empire, embarked for Italy, where he arrived sooner than his enemies expected. He had been, during his absence, created consul for five years, dictator for one year, and tribune of the people for life. But Antony, who governed in Rome for him, had filled the city with riot and debauchery. By his moderation and humanity Cæsar soon restored tranquillity, and then prepared to march into Africa, where Pompey's party had rallied under Scipio and Cato, assisted by Juba king of Mauritania. But the vigor of his proceedings was near being retarded by a mutiny in his own army. Those veteran legions, who had hitherto conquered all that came before them, began to murmur at not having received the reward which they had expected, and now insisted upon their discharge. Cæsar however quelled the mutiny; and then, with his usual rapidity, landed with a party in Africa, the rest of the army following soon after. After many skirmishes, he invested Tapsus, supposing that Scipio would attempt its relief; which accordingly happened. Scipio, joining with Juba, advanced with his army, and, encamping near Caesar, they came to a general engagement. Cæsar's success was as usual; the enemy received a complete and total overthrow, with little loss on his side. Juba, and Petreius his general, killed each other in despair; Scipio, attempting to escape by sea into Spain, fell among the enemy, and was slain; so that, of all the generals of that undone party, Cato alone was now remaining. This extraordinary man, having retired to Africa after the battle of Pharsalia, had led the wretched remains of that army through burning deserts and tracts infected with serpents, and was now in Utica, which he had

been left to defend. Still, however, in love with even the show of a Roman government, he had formed the principal citizens into a senate, and conceived a resolution of holding out the town. He accordingly assembled his senators upon this occasion, and exhorted them to stand a siege; but, finding his admonitions ineffectual, stabbed himself with his sword. See CATO.

Upon Cato's death, the war in Africa being completed, Cæsar returned in triumph to Rome, and astonished the citizens at the magnificence of it, and at the number of the countries which he had subdued. It lasted four days; the first was for Gaul, the second for Egypt, the third for his victories in Asia, and the fourth for that over Juba in Africa. To every one of his soldiers he gave a sum equivalent to about £150 of our money, double that sum to the centurions, and four times as much to the superior officers. The citizens also shared his bounty; to every one of whom he distributed ten bushels of corn, ten pounds of oil, and a sum of money equal to about two pounds sterling. After this he entertained the people at about 20,000 tables, treated them with the combats of gladiators, and filled Rome with a concourse of spectators from every part of the world. The people now seemed eager only to find out new modes of homage and adulation for their new master. He was created magister morum, or master of the morals of the people; received the titles of emperor and father of his country; his person was declared sacred; and, in short, upon him alone were devolved for life all the great dignities of the state. It must be owned that no sovereign could make a better use of his power. He began by repressing vice and encouraging virtue; he communicated the power of judicature to the senators and the knights alone, and by many sumptuary laws restrained the scandalous luxuries of the rich. He proposed rewards to all who had many children; and took the most prudent methods of repeopling the city. Having thus restored prosperity to Rome, he once more found himself under a necessity of going into Spain, to oppose an army which had been raised there under the two sons of Pompey, and Labienus his former general. He proceeded in this expedition with his usual celerity, and arrived before the enemy thought he had left Rome. Cneius and Sextus, Pompey's sons, profiting by their unhappy father's example, resolved to protract the war; so that the first operations of the two armies were spent in sieges and fruitless attempts. At length Cæsar, after taking many cities from the enemy, and pursuing young Pompey with unwearied perseverance, compelled him to come to a battle upon the plains of Munda. After a most obstinate engagement, Cæsar gained a complete victory; and, having now subdued all his enemies, returned to Rome for the last time to receive new dignities and honors. Still, however, he showed great moderation in the use of his power; he left the consuls to be named by the people; he enlarged the number of senators; he pardoned all who had been in arms against him; but deprived them of the power of resistance. He even set up once more the statues of Pompey. The rest of this extraordinary man's life was certainly de