progress through Tokyn, Bruges, Oldenburg, Newport, Dunkirk, and Gravelines to Calais, where she arrived on the 11th of December. As she approached that place, Lord Lisle, lieutenant of the castle, and Sir George Carew, with a gallant train of noblemen and gentlemen, met her and escorted her into Calais, under a royal salute of artillery from the vessels stationed there, which was echoed by the ordnance along the coast.

Anne, detained by adverse winds, remained twenty days at Calais, during which she was courteously entertained. She sailed from Calais, December 27th, 1539, attended by a fleet of fifty sail, and had so favourable a passage that she landed at Deal the same day at five o'clock, and proceeded to Walmer Castle, where she met with a regal welcome. She next proceeded to Dover, and thence to Canterbury. At Rochester, Henry, who had privately repaired to the town in the height of anxiety to behold his bride elect, obtained a private view of the princess which overwhelmed him with vexation and disappointment. Tall indeed and of striking proportions, Anne was beyond doubt, but so plain and deficient in grace and dignity that in the excessive mortification of the moment, the king exclaimed "they had brought him a great Flanders mare, whom he could not possibly love." To complete his annoyance Anne spoke only the German language, of which he was entirely ignorant. An interview with the king himself did not prepossess Anne much more in his favour. Henry brought with him. a paillet of sable skins for her neck and a rich muff and tippet for "a new year's gift," and had even sent to say so, but so destitute did he consider the lady of beauty that he would not present them with his own hand, but left them to be conveyed to Anne next day by Sir Anthony Brown. Returning to Greenwich he lamented his hard fate in pathetic terms without receiving any consolation from his courtiers, who remarked that kings could not, like their subjects, act to please themselves, but their choice must be by necessity guided by others. A council was actually called to consider if by any possibility Anne could be restored to her friends without the marriage being completed, but for reasons of state the king durst not affront her family. The king had heard of a sort of prior contract between Anne and Francis, son of the Duke of Lorraine, and hoped to take advantage of this to break off the match, but the ambassadors of the Duke of Cleves, on the subject being named to them, offered to produce a formal renunciation of the contract, which would be in fact an absolute release. Thus no hope of escape was left, and Henry was compelled with reluctance

to close the affair with Anne, remarking, "that as matters had gone so far, he must even put his neck into the collar."

Anne meantime awaited Henry's commands at Dartford. The king having decided to marry her even against his will, made a public announcement, that Anne should be met and welcomed as queen at Greenwich, and at that place five or six thousand horsemen assembled for a procession, where Henry and the ambassador of the emperor joined them. Anne of Cleves first met Henry in public on the plain of Blackheath, near Shooters' Hill, whence with all the pageantry of pompous state she was conducted to Greenwich, where the ceremony of her marriage was performed on January 6th, with the splendour befitting the occasion.

Shortly afterwards, Cromwell, who had been so zealous to bring about this match, enquired of Henry with no small anxiety whether he liked his queen better? A decided negative was the reply, to which were added many unpleasant remarks respecting the queen. After this, although Henry was civil outwardly to Anne, and apparently treated his minister with his former confidence, such was his real displeasure at the marriage, that it led ultimately to the ruin of this minister, who, worthy of a better fate, was tried, condemned and executed.

After Cromwell's death Henry's dislike to Anne was more openly evinced. On the 12th of April her dower had been settled by the parliament, by which her legal rights as Queen Consort were acknowledged. Not long after, her foreign attendants were dismissed. Anne seems, therefore, to have been left quite at the mercy of Henry's caprice, who did not scruple to outrage her feelings. It almost appears as if the death of Cromwell was designed to deprive her of his service and friendship; for Anne had appeared to seek his counsel on more than one occasion, which Cromwell abstained from giving from prudential motives. The last appearance of the king and queen in public together was at Durham House on the occasion of some splendid pageants given in honour of their marriage by Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir John Dudley, and Sir George Carew in the month of May. After Cromwell's arrest Anne was sent to Richmond by Henry on pretence that she needed the country air. Henry indeed was bent upon separating himself legally from an object so distateful to him. This intention was known to the house of parliament, who prayed him to allow his marriage to be examined, and a convocation being summoned, particulars of the transaction were laid before it. As an excuse for a divorce, Henry again alleged that a prior contract had been made for Anne by her father to the Duke of Lorraine at the time she was in her

minority, although this had afterwards been annulled by the consent of both parties. Moreover, that in marrying Anne himself he had not inwardly given his consent, nor had he thought proper to consummate the marriage. These reasons being esteemed satisfactory, the union of Henry and Anne was annulled, and the decision ratified by the parliament.

The conduct of Anne, under the trying circumstances in which she was placed, does great honour both to her head and heart. During the short period she lived with Henry she seems to have assiduously endeavoured to please him, and is said to have taken especial pains in acquiring a knowledge of the English language, knowing how uncongenial the "high Dutch" was to the ears of her capricious tyrant. The king's character was, however, but too obvious during even her short acquaintance with him: the fate of Katharine of Arragon and Anne Boleyn had served Anne as an example. With calmness and dignity she received the intimation of her sentence. So placid was her manner on the occasion, as to induce a belief that her heart was destitute of feeling. That was not, however, the case, but clearly Henry had never tried, and certainly had not gained her affections, and she resigned her ties with him without regret, so readily, that the vanity of Henry was sensibly mortified. She yielded a ready assent to the propositions made by him, that she should be treated as an adopted sister, and next to the queen or his daughter, enjoy the honours of precedence. These conditions, with the still more weighty assurance of an annual settlement of 3000l., procured her willing assent to the proposed divorce. There was, however, one point on which Anne testified some spirit. She had quitted her native country as Queen of England, and would not return thither under any inferior dignity. The residue of her days she accordingly passed in England.

Anne was Queen of England only six months, and ere her divorce from Henry, his fickle heart had formed an attachment to Katharine Howard, who was destined to supply her place on his throne. During the short period that Anne was Henry's wife, she certainly did study to please the capricious lord in whose power she had become placed by destiny. Even before her divorce was announced, she had made herself mistress of the English tongue, and soon after adopted the style of dress of her new countrywomen. After the divorce, however, was carried out, Anne sunk into apparent insignificance," no more being said of her than if she were dead." Yet the accounts of contemporaries show that she passed her time in a quiet and pleasant domesticity,

extremely beloved wherever she was known, and truly kind to the poor. She possessed at first the manor of Bletchingly, which was afterwards exchanged for that of Penshurst. Her time, at some seasons, was passed at Richmond, at others at Ham or Dartford, and she maintained her intimacy with the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth. She survived her mother's death, which took place A.D. 1543, and that of the fickleminded Henry the Eighth, who terminated his existence in 1547. Katharine Howard's death must have caused Anne's tranquil heart to shudder at her own narrow escape; and the king's subsequent marriage with Katharine Parr would further enlighten her upon her own good fortune of exemption from the caprices of so variable a character. She survived the young Edward the Sixth, and attended the coronation of Mary, on which occasion the Princess Elizabeth rode in her carriage in the royal cavalcade. The death of Anne of Cleves took place at her palace at Chelsea, July the 16th, 1557, in the fourth year of Mary's reign, and the forty-first of her own age; and her funeral was solemnised in Westminster Abbey with royal splendour by the queen's orders.

At the feet of King Sebert, the original founder of the edifice, lies the last remains of a queen, who certainly merited better treatment; for although not gifted with the mental attainments of Katharine of Arragon, the graces of Anne Boleyn, or of Jane Seymour, she possessed qualities which were calculated to adorn her station, had they not been blunted by adverse circumstances and the will of an imperious and arbitrary tyrant.

KATHARINE HOWARD.

QUEEN Katharine Howard, Henry the Eighth's fifth consort, was sprung from the imperial house of Charlemagne, being the descendant of the lovely and amiable Adelais of Louvaine. Singularly enough, she was

also cousin-german of Anne Boleyn.

Lord Edmund Howard, father of the queen, had distinguished himself at the battle of Flodden Field, and received, as a recompense, the forfeited Dukedom of Norfolk, with the honour of knighthood. By his wife Jocosa, daughter of Sir Richard Culpepper, of Hollingbourn, in Kent, he had a numerous family. Katharine was his fifth child, and supposed to be born about 1522. After the death of Jocosa, Lord Howard married Lady Dorothy Troyes. The loss of a mother in her tender infancy, was Katharine's first misfortune; the second, was her removal, on the death of her grandfather, Lord Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, to the care of his widow, Agnes Tylney. This lady grievously neglected the important trust reposed in her, and suffered Katharine to associate freely with her waiting-women, whose apartment she shared. These persons unhappily were of a most abandoned character; and thus early thrown into immediate association with vice, it was no wonder that the events transpired which threw afterwards a dark cloud over the brightness of the illustrious house to which she owed her origin.

Encouraged by the female attendants of her grandmother, Katharine, at the early age of thirteen, was induced to give encouragement to the presuming addresses of Henry Manox, a performer on the virginals, who had been attracted by her youthful beauty while employed as her instructor, during her stay at Horsham, in Norfolk. With this man, who was of a very profligate character, Katharine had several stolen interviews; but her attachment, if such it could be called, was interrupted by her guardian's removal to Lambeth, on the occasion