women to leave them off, inasmuch as he supposed they neither made pretence to the first character, nor cared to be mistaken for the other. Whereupon, says Hubbard-who is a very good story-teller for a Puritan "they who before thought it shame to be seen in public without a veil, were ashamed ever after to be covered with them."

The more serious controversies, on points of doctrine, which from time to time disturbed the community, would be much more wearisome and not more profitable to follow. Of many of them it might be said, as Winthrop himself says of one question of grave dispute between Cotton and Wilson, that "no man could tell, except some few who knew the bottom of the matter, where any difference was." His wise spirit, even then, loathed these religious enmities. He notes again in his journal-" Every occasion increased the contention, and caused great alienation of minds; and it began to be as common here to distinguish between men by being under a Covenant of Grace or a Covenant of Works, as in other countries between Protestants and Papists."

The election to the office of governor was annual, and for the first four years Winthrop was reelected without opposition. The honesty and ability of his administration were fully recognised. Yet he had his enemies from the first. Thomas Dudley, the Deputy-Governor, had held an influential position in England as steward to the Earl of Lincoln's estates, was a much older man than Winthrop, and was jealous of his supremacy. There were others to whom his strict and stern rule was disagreeable. Among the scattered settlements along the bay, which were all now to be absorbed under the one central government, was one which bore the name of Mount Wollaston, from one of its earlier

settlers. The principal man there, however, was Thomas Morton, a clever and reckless adventurer, who had been an attorney of no very good character. The Puritan ways were not his ways; and in defiance he had renamed the place "Merry Mount," and set up there the abomination of a maypole, which Endicott, the governor of Salem, had to go over with a strong party and cut down. If that had been Morton's chief offence, we at least might have forgiven him; but he had been living a wild and reckless life, and discrediting the general cause of the English settlers, not only by his character, but by incurring the dread and hostility of the Indians, amongst whom he had on one occasion fired" hailshot" without any provocation, out of the merest wantonness. Winthrop was determined to rid the colony of him, as he had of Gardiner. put him in irons, and sent him home in the first ship whose captain could be persuaded to take him. Some refused.

called the Gift, which was to return "Captain Brock, master of the ship that month, might have had the honour to carry Morton back to England, but he confessed that he was not gifted that way, nor his ship neither, for such a purpose; as not willing to trouble himself nor his country with such vaga

bonds, from which they had been happily freed some years before." *

The captain of the Handmaid was less scrupulous, and in her Morton was sent home, blaspheming and indignant. He appealed, in conjunction with Gardiner, to King Charles against "King Winthrop," as he called him, but apparently with little effect. was obliged to satisfy his revenge with the publication of a scurrilous book, which he entitled 'The NewEngland Canaan.' Its style, as may be guessed, is that kind of travesty which the adoption by the Puritans of Scriptural idioms

He

makes so easy and so temptinga fact which is really one of the strongest objections to their practice in this respect.

Another person, though of a very different character, who caused a serious division in the colony on religious grounds, was Roger Williams. He was not one of Winthrop's original band of emigrants, but joined them the following year. But so violent were his prejudices that he refused to enter the congregation at Boston, "because they would not make a public confession of their repentance for having held communion with the churches of England while they lived there." He retired to Salem, where he was chosen minister, and for some time his learning, his eloquence, and "his lovely carriage," gained him considerable popularity. But his views became at last so utterly fanatical that the authorities could bear no longer with him. He had persuaded Endicott the Governor to cut the cross out of the royal colours, as a rank emblem of idolatry, which nearly caused a popular riot for loyalty was by no means wanting in the colony, and some of the militia refused to be trained under the mutilated flag. At last he proceeded to the length of declaring all the churches and congregations in New England to be antichristian; upon which he was sentenced to banishment by the General Court of Massachusetts ("that great and honoured Idolgeneral which men had set up," he calls it), and would have been shipped off, like others, to England, if he could have been caught. But he took refuge among the Indians -or, as he preferred to express it, was fed by the ravens in the wilderness" and became afterwards the founder of the colony on Rhode Island.

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But the greatest disturber of the peace of the new church at Boston, after all, was a woman, a Lincolnshire lady of good family - Mrs Hutchinson-who claimed special

revelation from heaven, and proclaimed, like Williams, that all their teachers were in darkness, and that the existing church was Antichrist. She held meetings of her own sex on the Sunday, which thinned the orthodox churches considerably. A synod of elders was held in consequence, at which the two first resolutions passed ran as follows:

"1. That though women might meet (some few together) to pray and edify one another, yet such a set assembly (as was then in practice at Boston), where sixty or more did meet every week, and one woman (in a prophetical way, by resolving questions of doctrine and expounding Scripture) took upon her the whole exercise, was agreed to be disorderly and without rule.

"2. Though a private member might ask a question publicly, after sermon, for information, yet this ought to be very wisely and sparingly done, and that with leave of the elders: but questions of reference (then in use), whereby the doctrines delivered were reproved and the elders reproached, and that with bitterness, etc., was utterly condemned."

Such was the Nemesis of that "Liberty of Prophesying" which these earnest men held to be the first principle of a Christian church, and to maintain which they had become voluntary exiles.

Winthrop lived in the colony nineteen years; his popularity, like that of most popular heroes, had its ebb and flow; he had some enemies, as all men in high station must have; but the honour and respect of his fellow-citizens, of all but the baser sort, never failed him. Twelve times he was elected Governor; and perhaps it was little more than the natural jealousy of seeming to lodge the chief power too exclusively in the hands of one man, that led to the occasional substitution of a rival, such as Dudley or Henry Vane. He died, like his wife, of some kind of epidemic fever. During his last illness "the whole church fasted as well as prayed with him ;" and so, adds Cotton Mather, "having, like Judah, first

left his counsel and his blessing with his children, gathered by his bedside, and, like David, served his generation by the will of God, he gave up the ghost and fell asleep on March 26th, 1649." He had grown less stern and more tolerant as he grew old. It is recorded that in these last days, Dudley, then Deputy-Governor, came to his sick chamber to obtain his signature to an order for the banishment of some heterodox offender; the dying Governor refused, with the words, "I have done too much of that work already."

Mr Winthrop has quoted largely -not too largely from the many eulogies which American writers, both contemporary and modern, have passed upon his great ancestor. We most content ourselves with one, brief and emphatic, spoken by Josiah Quincey-"Had Boston, like Rome, a consecrated calendar, there is no name better entitled than that of Winthrop to be registered as its patron saint."

venerable walls gave back an echo of welcome as to a not unrecognised voice. Everything concurred in awakening the memory of those who had gone before me, the pulpit from which they had listened to preachers of their own presentation, the font at which so many of them had been baptised, the chancel around which they had knelt to receive the bread of life. There, on the crowning pane of the altar window, was the same Sursum Corda' which must have lifted their hearts in many an hour of trial and trouble. There, in the humble vestry, was the old parish register, the second entry on whose time-stained leaves gave the date of the death of the head of the family, in 1562. There, too, was the tomb in which the father, the grandfather, and possibly the greatgrandfather, of the first emigrant to New England had been successively buried. It still bore the family name and arms; and, by a striking coincidence, it had just been repaired,-almost as if in anticipation of the arrival of one who interest in its condition." might be presumed to take a peculiar

We feel that we have done Mr R. Winthrop scant justice in not giving our readers some fuller specimen of his own very pleasant style. Let us make such amends as we still may by quoting the following account of his pilgrimage to the home of his ancestors :—

"The Groton of Suffolk county, in old England, has by no means yet lost its local habitation or its ancient landmarks. I was there on a Sunday, and went to the parish church in which the Winthrops worshipped before they went to America. The grand old service of prayer and praise, in which they had united so long ago within the same sanctuary, had just commenced when I entered; and I could almost imagine, as I joined in the responses, that the

"At such a distance of time, and in this republican atmosphere, by no means favourable to the growth of family pride, I trust my sincerity will not be questioned when I say, with another and an older poet,

'Et genus et proavos, et quæ non fecimus ipsi, Vix ea nostra voco.'

"

It has been said that there is great virtue in a "but." If either the Roman poet or his American admirer could be closely cross-examined, they might perhaps admit there was also great virtue in a "vix."

We will not be so uncourteous as to question for a moment the sincerity of Mr Winthrop's profession of this republican faith but we gladly accept from him this careful record of his noble ancestor as one more proof how often, in other matters as well as religion, men are better than their creeds.

ON Monday morning we left Namur by the Luxemburg line, and on getting into the railway carriage we found an intelligent middleaged Frenchman seated there. We had no other fellow-passengers with us. After a short time I said, "Sir," wishing to draw him into conversation, for I have always considered that by that means the justest opinion may be formed about a country, and the greatest amount of truth elicited,-"Sir," I said, "France is a fine country." He bowed, and I asked him a good many questions about the internal economy of the country, the state of the roads, the condition of the labouring classes, and the tenure of the greater part of the land about us, and the advantage or otherwise of peasant proprietors.

"On the whole," he said, "I think that the system of small holdings works well. There is less inequality, more general comfort, and as regards population, we certainly are not so overwhelmed by its increase. I am told that that is not the case in England ?"

I said I was afraid that he had not been misinformed.

"I have been told, monsieur, that in your country two people who can hardly make up together an income of 5000 francs, positively marry sometimes, and then think it their duty to increase in a geometrical ratio to their living, and, is it possible? conceive that 'le bon Dieu' will provide for their children." Nothing is more common," I was obliged to own.

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E, &c.

très content, and unmarried bien entendu. I have my 20,000 livres de rente. I have had nearly as many amours, and no gêne."

I congratulated him. He went on. "Could there be anything more ridiculous than what took place the other day in Paris-an encouragement given to population from the pulpit, as if we had not nearly reached the stage which is our aim? The world can only hold a certain amount of people, and why should I be obliged to pay away part of my 20,000 livres afin que ce Pêre Hyacinthe s'indulgeat dans ses sottes pensées ?"

"Twenty thousand!" said I; but he interrupted me by

"Certainly; I will tell you their names-Rosalie

"No, monsieur, thank you. Vous vous trompez. I was only calculating the English equivalent of 20,000 livres."

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Ah, it is true, I was mistaken. Pardon." How difficult a matter it is to keep a Frenchman's thoughts fixed upon such a subject as political economy! "What," said I, "should you think the proportion of nubile women to be?"

"Peu de chose," he answered.

Desirous, however, as I was of obtaining some correct statistics, I continued, "Could you give any approximate idea of the average number of persons who live on each étage in Paris throughout?"

I cannot help thinking that he must have misunderstood me, for he shrugged his shoulders, and said, "Qu'est-ce que ça signifie, monsieur? Coralie était au cinquième, Barberine au rez-de-chaussé, mais vivent les femmes et les pommes de terre!"

I was endeavouring to explain, when he interrupted me again, "You are right-assuredly you are right. Barberine was a jolie enfant, but then en revanche."

I saw it was of no use endeavouring to obtain statistics from one whose thoughts were in the coulisses. At however, he got out of the carriage, and a sœur de charité took his place. There was hardly any subject upon which I desired information so much as upon the present condition of religious establishments in France, their internal economy, and the changes which had affected them during the last few years.

"You are religieuse?" I said.
"Plait-il?" was the reply.

I repeated my question, and asked her whether she thought Diderot's book was a fair exponent on the whole of the views and domestic arrangements of the class to which she belonged, or whether its namesake was better calculated to effect that object.

"Plait-il, monsieur?"

I said, "Do you consider that the recent advance of liberal opinionsan advance exemplified as much by the recent publications as by the open expression of fresh ideas-has at all influenced the choice of a profession like yours; or, on the other hand, do you think that the tendency to bigotry among an uneducated people, combined with the impossibility of finding sufficient employment for women, will keep your ranks replenished?"

"Plait-il, monsieur ?" she said, at the same time offering me a bundle of bonbons and chocolate which she had extracted from the subterranean recesses of a most capacious pocket.

How difficult it is to arrive at any correct data, and how great an undertaking it must be to write history!

She got out at the next station, and we were some little time alone, until a young Frenchman came in, of about twenty-five. I was much

pleased at his arrival; for although I had been a good deal abroad, yet there were several points connected with social matters which to my mind required elucidation.

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Pardon me, monsieur," I said. "How many balls should you think were given during the season at Paris?"

"In Parigi mila e tre," he answered. I was much struck at the oddness of the number, and immediately entered it in my note-book.

"How many marriages are arranged at each ?" I added, “and how many per cent turn out happy ones?"

"Ah, monsieur, who knows? but you come from the land of the sport. I love horses. I have one. She is my angel, my all, my adored. She eats out of my hand, she will follow me about. I kiss her every day-such shoulders, such loins, such legs, divine creature! I am coming over to England to buy another, and I go to the Sablonière Hotel."

For twenty-five minutes I could not intercalate a single word, with such pertinacity did he eulogise his horse. What could even Bacon or Gibbon have done in my position? They could not have gleaned anything. Alas! why was I destitute of that charm which enabled Blank and to draw forth such lore from their fellow-companions?

"What a dreadful noise you have been making," said Granville. "Have you found out which is the best hotel at Trèves yet?"

"Hotels, indeed! I have been trying to find out something about the country from its inhabitants. I hate going through the country like Mundungus."

"Well, at any rate, his method is preferable to that of Junior's, boring everybody and getting no reliable information generally, however, like 's friend, they go to sleep in the middle of it. might just as well ask the first person you met in an omnibus in the Strand what were the chances of

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