conclusively that clann, like the Welsh plant, is from the Latin "planta." The Gaels from Ireland who encountered the Romans, for the first time, in the year 360 A.D., called themselves Scothi, from which the Romans made Scoti, and called Ireland Scotia. Scoth signifies "warrior" in old Gaelic (O'Davoren's Glossary, p. 115). The name Cruithneach, a Pict, is formed by substituting c for p; the Brythons or Old Britons converted Brittania into Prydyn, and the Gaels transformed Prydain or Prydin into Cruithin; and the country of the Picts being part of North Britain, was designated in Gaelic Cruithin tuath. This explanation is now accepted by Professor Rhys, and was first suggested by Dr O'Brien, in his Irish-English Dictionary. From Cruithin is formed Cruithneach, and it was specially applied to the Picts who settled in Ireland from North Britain. It is now admitted by the most learned inquirers into Pictish history that the Picts were a preAryan and pre-Keltic people, who gradually and successively intermingled with the Gaels and Brythons.

The names which are found in lists of the names of Pictish kings offer a strong contrast to the names which occur in lists of the names of Irish kings of the olden times. None of these ever begins with the letter P; in fact, the letter p is never found in them, unless used for an unaspirated b. In the Pictish lists are found "pant, urpant, uip, uruip," &c. The prefixed syllable ur, contracted to u sometimes. What this prefixed ur meant is explained in this passage-" Da Drest, id est, Drest filius Gyrom, id est, Drest filius W drost V annis couregnaverunt. Drest filius Girom solus V annis regnavit." Here are two of the name of Drest who reign together five years, and Drest the son of Girom after this reigned alone five years. Such names, therefore, as urpant, urgant, urguith, urfecir, urcal, urcint, &c., in every case preceded by names corresponding to the second parts of these names, pant, gant, guith, fecir, cal, cint, &c., show that ur denotes two or second, that is, two of a name either together or in succession. In Georgian ori denotes two; in Chinese Nankin urh (ar) is two; in Chinese Pekin urh; in Gyami, Chinese frontier, a'r. (Hunter's Non-Aryan Languages of India and High Asia, p. 34.) Brude is a name that frequently precedes other names of kings, and it would seem to have signified high king or over king; in one list of the names of Pictish kings it occurs before other names twenty-seven times. Owing to intermarriages between Picts and Scots or Gaels, and also between them and Britons, Gaelic and Brythonic names were introduced among them, and were strangely altered; thus Fergus became Urguist and Werguist; Feradach became Wredach, Aengus or Oengus became Hungus, &c.

Gaelic borrowed from Latin after Christianity had been introduced into the British Isles, at a later period, during the invasions and partial occupations of the Norsemen, during the eighth and ninth centuries. The Scandinavians, besides contributing considerably to both English and Gaelic vocabularies, left a large number of place-names both in England and Scotland. They added stadr, a place," to contractions of the Gaelic names of three of the Irish provinces--Leinster, Munster, Ulster-ster is a contraction of stadr; yet it is surprising that although they occupied large tracts of Ireland, they left but few place-names there. (See Joyce's Irish Names of Places). There are more Norse placenames in the island of Islay alone than in the whole of Ireland. As Gaelic has borrowed from the languages which subsequently came in contact with it, there are good grounds for inferring that it took loans from the Non-Aryan dialects which preceded it; and such loans are to be discovered in the oldest written Gaelic down to the spoken Gaelic of the present day. At p. 245, "Transactions of the Royal Historical Society," Dr Hyde Clarke, in his paper on "The Picts and Pre-Celtic Britain," tells us-"In applying William Von Humboldt's researches as to the Basques, it further appeared that the Basque area, or that of the Iberians, would not in his form meet the exigencies of the inquiry. This led me, in the course of time, to the knowledge that the geographical names of the ancient world, or more properly ancient atlas, are formed on one plan. Rivers, mountains, islands, cities, and in some cases, princes, are named after one system. It was further found by me, as communicated to the Royal Historical Society, that the ancient coins, called autonomous coins, commonly treated as purely Greek, bear emblems which have relations to the names of places to which they belong, and are to be assigned to an earlier epoch than the Greek.

"Thus, without going further, and inquiring as to languages and meanings, we are provided with a large body of material, which we can use to test groups, and in some cases individuals. For the general class, which covers the great epochs of original culture, I have in the east applied the name of Khita (by some styled Hittite), and in the west the name of Iberian, but it must not be imagined these are two divisions, or that the class can be strictly defined. It must also be clearly understood, in conformity with what is now more generally accepted than before, that there were several languages in the epoch. As a general term, Iberian is used in this paper as a general and convenient term only. On examining the local names of these islands and towns, here recorded

by the Greek and Roman writers, it appeared that those which were not absolutely and distinctly Celtic were Iberian. On this topic some papers have been read by me. Some remarks of mine on the British coinage point in the same direction."

Mr Hyde Clarke says, with respect to the names of mountains, islands, and rivers :-"The meaning of the words can very well be made out; it refers to the roundness or circular form, or selfcontained round or enclosure, which marks an island. This is the reason for which names of allied meaning are represented on the coins, as sun, moon, vase or pot, which are round, as was the ship in its primitive shape. The fish was regarded as round, and other animals found on island coins are the crab and tortoise.

"Island is the same idea or root as mountain, and hence the names for islands and for mountains are the same. As rivers flow from mountains, so are they of the same nomenclature differentiated. Thus my first suggestion of the relation of the names of Britannia and Hibernia was so far accurate; but island is not derived from river but from mountain, and river from mountain." "Iberian and Belgian Influence in Britain," p. 8.

So Albion is related to Alpes, to Alba, the mountainous part of North Britain, to Albania, in Europe, and in Asia. The rivername, Albis, now the Elbe, is akin to these; Abula was the ancient name of the river Tiber; the river Tiber, at a flowing into the Adriatic, is called Albulates by Pliny, and Albula by other writers. Album was a promontory of Africa, and also of Phoenicia ; Albubacis was a river of Gaul; Albanus was a mountain sixteen miles from Rome; a mountain of Upper Pannonia, called A,lbius by Strabo, now Auff der Alben; Albanus, a river of Alban'a, in Asia, flowing into the Caspian Sea. Mr Hyde Clarke compares the mountain Kratos and the river Bradanus with Britannia, and the mountain Hebron and the river Hebrus with Hibernia. The Gaels contracted Hibernia into Eire; but the n is preserved in the genitive and dative, Erenn and Erinn; but the Welsh Iwerddon is nearer the original. It is remarkable that two mountains in Ireland were respectively named Alba and Eire. At p. 5, Vol. II., of Translation of "Cambrensis Eversus," by the Rev. Matthew Kelly, St Patrick's College, Maynooth, we are told that “Laeghaire, son of Niall, defeated the Lagenians, and received the Boromean Tribute, but they rose against him once more, and having gained a victory, compelled him to swear by the moon and the winds that he would never more demand that odious tribute. In violation of his oath he marches against them, but he was killed by lightning, near Cassi, in Ui-Faelain, between the two mountains, Eire and

Alba, according to the ambiguous prophecy that he would be slain between Eire and Alba, the Irish names of Ireland and Scotland. A.D. 458."

In Ireland there is Inis Ereann, "Ireland's Eye," in which Eye is from the Norse, and denotes island. The Gaelic name of the island, Inis Ereann, is said to have been given to it for a woman named Eire. Lough Erne (Eirne), in Ireland, corresponds in name with Loch Earn, in Scotland; and there is Strathearn, and there is the river Earn, all in Perthshire; there is Auldearn, in Nairnshire. The river Findhorn is called in Gaelic Abhainn Eirne. It is probable that there were mountainous tracts, both in Ireland and Scotland, with which these streams and lakes were connected. Banbha is an old name for Ireland, and Banff is the name of a town in Scotland, which gives name to a county. The old form of the name Banff, as it occurs in the Book of Deir, is "banb." Banbh signifies pig in Gaelic, and Banbha, as a name for Ireland, and Banbh, Banff are evidently derived from it. In each case it was very likely a totem or mythological name, and the word is evidently of pre-Keltic origin. Irish Legendary History tells us that Banbha was a queen of Tuatha De Danann or Dedannian, tribes who preceded the Irish Kelts or Gaels.

In considering the pre-Aryan tribes, in the northern part of North Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy, it may be remarked that long before the Aryans made their appearance throughout Europe, Persia, or India, the Turanian race, from High Asia, migrated south into Asia Minor, Babylonia, Susiana, Hindoostan, and Further India. The Iberians, Kheta, or Hittites, who had come first from the same region to Asia Minor and Syria, where they founded an empire, moved westwards from Asia Minor and Syria to Spain. People of the same race, from the neighbourhood of the Altai mountains, moved westwards to Northern, Central, and North-Western Europe.

The Iberians spoke numerous dialects, but certain words, such as names for mountains, countries, islands, rivers, plains, water, sky, sun, moon, day, night, light, darkness, man, woman, and child, were common to many of them. The Aryan languages which succeeded them, as was to be expected, took numerous loanwords from them. The Hittites or Iberians were the oldest navigators. Ptolemy, who flourished in the second century, copied from the work of a Tyrian geographer, and the Tyrians, who were Semites, received their seafaring knowledge from the Iberians, who preceded them.

In "The Hittites," by Professor Sayce, p. 15, it is said, "The Hittites were a people with yellow skins and Mongoloid' features, whose receding foreheads, oblique eyes, and protruding upper jaws, are represented as faithfully on their own monuments as they are on those of Egypt, so that we cannot accuse the Egyptian artists of caricaturing their enemies."

Equally ugly, no doubt, were the followers and soldiers of Jenghis Khan, who conquered and made himself emperor of the greatest part of Asia. As the Hittites intermingled and intermarried with the handsome Amorites, the offspring proceeding from the intermixture would likely be less harsh in features. The fact is, they were a conquering race, and generally intermixed with the nations that they subdued.

At p. 101 of the same work, Professor Sayce says further of them :- 66 They were short and thick of limb, and the front part of their faces was pushed forward in a curious and somewhat repulsive way. The forehead retreated, the cheek bones were high, the nostrils were large, the upper lip protrusive. They had, in fact, according to the craniologists, the characteristics of a Mongoloid race. Like the Mongols, moreover, their skins were yellow, and their eyes and hair were black."

At p. 136 ibid, we are informed that "The Hittites shone as much in the arts of peace as in the arts of war. The very fact that they invented a system of writing speaks highly for their intellectual capacities. It has been granted to but few among the races of mankind to devise means of communicating their thoughts otherwise than by words; most of the nations of the world have been content to borrow from others not only the written characters they use, but even the conception of writing itself."

"We know from the ruins of Boghaz Keui and Eyuk that the Hittites were no mean architects. They understood thoroughly the art of fortification; the great moat outside the walls of Boghaz Keui, with its sides of slippery stone, is a masterpiece in this respect, like the fortified citadels within the city, to which the besieged could retire when the outer wall was captured. The well-cut blocks and sculptured slabs of which their palaces were built, prove how well they knew the art of quarrying and fashioning stone. The mines of Bulgar Dagh are an equally clear indication of their skill in mining and metallurgic work.

"The metallurgic fame of the Khalybes, who bordered on the Hittite territory, and may have belonged to the same race, was spread through the Greek world. They had the reputation of first discovering how to harden iron into steel. It was from them,

at all events, that the Greeks acquired the art.