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CASE III.

When the price is pence and farthings, and thofe not an aliquot part of a fhilling, divide the given number by fome aliquot part of a fhilling, and then confider what part of the faid aliquot part the rest of the price is, and divide the quotient thereby: add the feveral quotients together, and their fum will be the answer in fhillings, which reduce into pounds.

EXAMPLES.

372, at 13d.? Anf. £2 14s. 3d. 827, at 4žd.? Anf. £15 10s. 1d. 2150, at 94d.? Anf. 87 6s. 10žd.

325, at 24d.? Anf. £3 os. 114d. 2700, at 74d? Anf. £81 11s. 3d. 1720, at 11žd.? Anf. £82 8s. 4d. IV.

CASE

When the price is any even number of fhillings under 20, multiply the given number by half of it, doubling the first figure to the righthand for fhillings, and the other figures are pounds.

When the price is an odd number, multiply the given quantity by the price, and divide by 20, the product will be the answer.

EXAMPLE

2757, at 15.? Anf. £137 17s. 3275, at 5s.? Ans. £818 15s. 372, at 11s.? Anf. £204 12s. 3142, at 175.? Ans. £2670 145.

CASE

S.

2643, at 25. Anf. £264 Es. 872, at 8s.? Ans. £348 16s. 5271, at 14s.? Anf. £3689 145 264, at 19s.? Ans. £250 16s.

V.

When the price is fhillings and pence, which make fome aliquot part of a pound, divide the given quantity by the aliquot part, and the quotient will be the answer in pounds.

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When the price is fhillings and pence, which make no aliquot part of a pound, bring out the anfwer the fhorteft way that can be done, either by working for an even number of fhillings and other aliquot parts; or by dividing the price into feveral parts, either of the given number, or of one another; but when this method would occafion much work, it will be better to multiply the quantity by the fhillings, and take parts for the pence, which added together will give the anfwer in fhillings.

EXAMPLES.

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When the price is fhillings, pence, and farthings, divide the price into aliquot parts of a pound, or of one another, and the fum of the quotients will be the answer.

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When the price is pounds, fhillings, pence, and farthings, multiply the given number by the pounds, and work for the reft the shortest way pointed out in the foregoing rules.

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When the quantity whofe price is required is of feveral denominations, multiply the price by the number in the highest denomination, and take the fame parts of the price for the reft as they are of an unit in the highest number: adding these together will give the answer.

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.

OBSERVATIONS

ON

WEIGHTS AND

MEASURES.

BY the 27th chapter of MAGNA CHARTA, the weights are to be

the fame all over England; but for different commodities there are two different forts, viz. Troy Weight, and Avoirdupois Weight. The origin, from which they are both derived, is the grain of wheat, gathered in the middle of the ear: 32 of thefe well dried made one penny-weight, 20 penny weights 1 oz. and 12 oz. 1 lb. troy. Stat. 51. Hen. III. 31 Edw. I. 12. Hen. VII.

A learned writer has fhewn, that by the laws of affize, from William the Norman to the reign of Henry VII. the legal pound weight contained a pound of 12 ounces raifed from 32 grains of wheat; and the legal gallon meafure invariably contained 8 of thefe pounds of wheat; and eight fuch bushels made a quarter.

Henry

Henry VII. altered the old English weight, and introduced a pound, under the name of Troy, which exceeded the old Saxon pound by 3-4ths of an ounce. This troy pound, now in ufe, confifting of 12 ounces, contains 5760 troy grains; and the ounce therefore contains 480.

Although formerly 32 grains made a penny-weight, it has in later times been thought fufficient to divide the penny-weight into 24 equal parts called grains, being the leaft weights now in use.

The firft ftatute, which directs the ufe of the avoirdupois weight, is that of 24 Henry VIII. which plainly implies that it was no legal weight till that gave it a legal fanction; and the particular use, to which the faid weight is thus directed, is fimply for weighing butcher's meat in the market. How or when it came into private use is not certainly known. The act which enacted that beef, pork, mutton, and veal, fhould be fold by avoirdupois weight, paffed A. D. 1533.

Rapin, vol. vi. p. 368.

The moneyers, jewellers, &c. have a particular clafs of weights, for gold, and precious ftones, viz. carat, and grain; and for filver, the penny-weight and grain.

Cyclopedia.

MEASURES. Measure in a legal, commercial, and popular fenfe, denotes a certain quantity or proportion of any thing, bought, fold, valued, or the like.

The regulation of WEIGHTS and MEASURES ought to be univerfally the fame throughout the kingdom; and fhould, therefore, be reduced to fome fixed rule or ftandard; the prerogative of fixing which was vefted, by our ancient law, in the crown. This ftandard was originally kept at Winchester and we find, in the laws of king Edgar, cap. viii. nearly a century before the conqueft, an injunction, that the one measure, which was kept at Winchester, fhould be obferved throughout the realm. With refpect to measures of length, our ancient hiftorians inform us, that a new standard of longitudinal meafure was ascertained by Henry I. who commanded that the ulna, or ancient ell, which anfwers to the modern yard, fhould be made of the exact length of his own arm and one standard of measures of length being once gained, all others are eafily derived from hence; thofe of greater length by multiplying, thofe of lefs by fubdividing the original standard. Upon thefe principles the ftandards were firft made; which, being originally fo fixed by the crown, their fubfequent regulations have been generally made by the king in parliament. Thus, under Richard I. in his parliament holden at Westminster, A. D. 1197, it was ordained, that there fhould be only one weight and one measure throughout the kingdom, and that the cuftody of the affize, or ftandard of weights and measures, fhould be committed to certain perfons, in every city and borough. In king John's time, this ordinance was frequently difpenfed with for money; which occafioned a provifion to be made for enforcing it, in the great charters of king John and his fon.

The

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