John xviii.), both from the circumstance of the name it still retains, and its situation with regard to the city." Here he found a grove of olives of immense size covered with fruit, almost in a mature state. Between Olivet and the city lies the deep valley of Kedron, through which flows the brook of that name which is noticed in a subsequent page. On the south side stood the MOUNT OF CORRUPTION, where Solomon, in his declining years, built temples to Moloch, Chemosh, and Ashtaroth (1 Kings xi. 7.; 2 Kings xxiii. 13.): it was separated from the city by the narrow valley of Hinnom (Josh. xviii. 16.; Jer. xix. 2), where the Israelites burnt their children in the fire to Moloch (Jer. vii. 31. and xxxii. 35.): thence made the emblem of hell, GEHENNA, or the place of the damned. (Matt. v. 22., xxiii. 33.; Mark ix. 43.) Towards the north, according to Eusebius and Jerome, and without the walls of the city, agreeably to the law of Moses' (Levit. iv.), lay GOLGOTHA, that is, the place of a skull (Matt. xxvii. 33.), so called by some from its fancied resemblance to a skull, but more probably because criminals were executed there.3 This place, now commonly termed Calvary (which groans beneath the weight of monastic piles), was probably open ground, cultivated for gardens (John xix. 41.), at the time when He, who suffered without the gate (Heb. xiii. 12.), there poured out his soul unto death. 4 The southern quarter, originally "the city of David," built on Mount Zion, Josephus calls the upper city; and the house of Millo was what he calls the upper market. 6 'Dr. Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. pp. 355. 365, 366. 8vo. edit. For a further account of Gethsemane, see that article in the Bibliographical, Historical, and Geographical Index at the end of this volume. To this St. Paul delicately alludes in his Epistle to the Hebrews (xiii. 12, 13.), where he says that Christ, as a sacrifice for sin, suffered without the gate; and when he exhorts the Hebrew Christians to go forth unto him without the camp, that is, out of Jerusalem, this city being regarded by the Jews as the camp of Israel. (Bp. Watson's Tracts, vol. iii. p. 156.) Schulzii Archæologia Biblica, p. 23. Relandi Palæstina, tom. ii. p. 860. Jowett's Christian Researches in Syria, &c. p. 255. Considerable difference of opinion prevails among the most learned modern travellers in Palestine concerning the probable site of Golgotha. The reader, who may be desirous of investigating this topic, is referred to Mr. Fuller's learned disquisition "On the True Site of Calvary," in the second volume of the Museum of Classical Antiquities. (London, 1853.) Mr. Fuller comes to the conclusion that Golgotha was situated in the valley of Hinnom. When Dr. Richardson visited this sacred spot in 1818, he found one part of Mount Zion supporting a crop of barley, another was undergoing the labour of the plough; and the soil turned up consisted of stone and lime mixed with earth, such as is usually met with in the foundations of ruined cities. "It is nearly a mile in circumference, is highest on the west side, and towards the cast falls down in broad terraces on the upper part of the mountain, and narrow ones on the side, as it slopes down towards the brook Kedron. Each terrace is divided from the one above it by a low wall of dry stone, built of the ruins of this celebrated spot. The terraces near the bottom of the hill are still used as gardens, and are watered from the pool of Siloam. They belong chiefly to the small village of Siloa, immediately opposite. We have here another remarkable instance of the special fulfilment of prophecy:-Therefore shall Zion for your sakes be ploughed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps. (Micah iii. 12.)" Dr. Richardson's Travels along the Mediterranean, &c. vol. ii. p. 348. "The sides of the Hill of Zion have a pleasing aspect, as they possess a few olive-trees and rude gardens; and a crop of corn was growing there." Carne's Letters, p. 265. Dr. Hale's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. pp. 425-429. Josephus de Bell. Jud. lib. v. c. 4. III. We have no particulars recorded concerning the nature of the fortifications of Jerusalem, previously to the time of the pious and patriotic governor Nehemiah; though such there undoubtedly must have been, from the importance and sanctity of the city, as the metropolis of the country, and the seat of the Jewish worship. After the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, they rebuilt Jerusalem, which had been destroyed by the Chaldæans; and in the account of the rebuilding of the wall, under the direction of Nehemiah, ten gates are distinctly enumerated, viz. three on the south, four on the east, and three on the western side of the wall. The three gates on the south side were, 1. Sheep Gate (Neh. iii. 1.), which was probably so called from the victims, intended for sacrifice, being conducted through it to the second temple. Near this gate stood the towers of Meah and Hananeel. The pool of Bethesda was at no great distance from this gate, which was also called the Gate of Benjamin. 2. The Fish Gate (Neh. iii. 3. xii. 39.), which was also called the First Gate. 3. The Old Gate, also called the Corner Gate. (Neh. iii. 6., xii. 39.; 2 Kings xiv. 13. ; Jer. xxxi. 38.) The gates on the eastern side were, 1. The Water Gate (Neh. iii. 26.), near which the waters of Etam passed, after having been used in the temple service, in their way to the brook Kedron, into which they discharged themselves.-2. The Horse Gate (Neh. iii. 28.; Jer. xxxi. 40.), which is supposed to have been so called, because horses went through it in order to be watered. 3. The Prison Gate (xii. 39.), probably so called from its vicinity to the prison.-4. The Gate Miphhad. (Neh. iii. 31.) The gates on the western side were, 1. The Valley Gate (Neh. iii. 13.), also termed the Gate of Ephraim, above which stood the Tower of Furnaces (Neh. iii. 11., xii. 38.); and near it was the Dragon Well (Neh. ii. 13.), which may have derived its name from the representation of a dragon, out of whose mouth the stream flowed that issued from the well.-2. The Dung Gate (Neh. iii. 13.), which is supposed to have received its name from the filth of the beasts that were sacrificed being carried from the temple through this gate. The Gate of the Fountain (Neh. iii. 15.) had its name either from its proximity to the fountain of Gihon, or to the spot where the fountain of Siloam took its rise.1 IV. Previously to the fatal war of the Jews with the Romans, we learn from Josephus2, that the city of Jerusalem was erected on two hills, opposite to one another, with a valley between them, which he subsequently calls the Valley of the Cheesemongers. The loftiest of these hills contained the Upper City (ʼn avw πóλis); and the other called Acra, contained the Lower City (ý KATW TÓλs), which seems to have been the most considerable part of the whole city. Over against 'Observationes Philologicæ ac Geographicæ. Amsteladami, 1747. 8vo. pp. 21-29. The probable sites of the gates of Jerusalem are stated, with corroborative proofs, by Mr. Fuller, in his disquisition on the true site of Calvary, in the Museum of Classical Antiquities, vol. ii. pp. 411-423. 2 De Bell. Jud. lib. vi. c. 6. this was a third hill, lower than Acra, and formerly divided from the other by a broad valley; which was filled up with earth during the reign of the Asmonæans or Maccabæan princes, in order to join the city to the temple. As population increased, and the city crept beyond its old limits, Agrippa joined to it a fourth hill (which was situated to the north of the temple), called Bezetha, and thus still further enlarged Jerusalem. At this time the city was surrounded by three walls on such parts as were not encompassed with impassable valleys, where there was only one wall. The first wall began on the north side at the tower called Hippicus, whence it extended to the place called the Xistus, and to the council-house, and it terminated at the western cloister of the temple. But, proceeding westward, in a contrary direction, the historian says, that it began at the same place, and extended through a place called Bethso, to the gate of the Essenes, then taking a turn towards the south, it reached to the place called Ophlas, where it was joined to the eastern cloister of the temple. The second wall commenced at the gate Gennath, and encompassed only the northern quarter of the city, as far as the tower Antonia. The third wall began at the tower Hippicus, whence it reached as far as the north quarter of the city, passed by the tower Psephinus, till it came to the monument of Helena, queen of Adiabene. Thence it passed by the sepulchres of the kings; and taking a direction round the south-west corner, passed the Fuller's monument, and joined the old wall at the valley of Kedron. This third wall was commenced by Agrippa, to defend the newly erected part of the city called Bezetha; but he did not finish it, from apprehension of incurring the displeasure of the emperor Claudius. His intention was to have erected it with stones, twenty cubits in length by ten cubits in breadth; so that no iron tools or engines could make any impression on them. What Agrippa could not accomplish, the Jews subsequently attempted: and, when Jerusalem was besieged by the Romans, this wall was twenty cubits high, above which were battlements of two cubits, and turrets of three cubits, making in all an altitude of twenty-five cubits. Numerous towers constructed of solid masonry were erected at certain distances: in the third wall, there were ninety; in the middle wall, there were forty; and in the old wall, sixty. The towers of Hippicus, Phasaelus, and Mariamne, erected by Herod the Great, and dedicated to the memories of his friend, his brother, and his wife, were pre-eminent for their height, their massive architecture, their beauty, and the conveniences with which they were furnished. Of the two last-mentioned towers no remains exist: but there is every reason to believe that what is now called the castle of David (a strong-hold on Mount Zion, a little to the south of the Jaffa Gate which overhangs the vale of Gihon) is none other than the Tower of Hippicus, which was spared by Titus, when the temple and city were destroyed. The stones of this fortification are very large.1 According to Josephus the circumference of Jerusalem, previously 1 Robinson's Biblical Researches, vol. i. pp. 453-457. Narrative of Scottish Mission of Inquiry to the Jews, p. 190. to its siege and destruction by the Romans, was thirty-three furlongs, or nearly four miles and a half: and the wall of circumvallation, constructed by order of Titus, he states to have been thirty-nine furlongs, or four miles eight hundred and seventy-five paces.1 At present, a late traveller states that the circumference of Jerusalem cannot exceed three miles.2 Modern Jerusalem is surrounded by a wall, varying in height from twenty to sixty feet according to the undulations of the ground. There are seven gates, three of which are generally shut. The four open gates are, the Damascus Gate on the north; St. Stephen's gate on the east; Zion gate on the south; and the Jaffa gate on the west. V. During the time of Jesus Christ, Jerusalem was adorned with numerous edifices, both sacred and civil, some of which are mentioned or alluded to in the New Testament. But its chief glory was the temple, described in a subsequent part of this volume; which magnificent structure occupied the northern and lower top of Sion, as we learn from the Psalmist (xlviii. 2.): Beautiful for situation, the joy (or delight) of the whole earth is Mount Sion. On her north side 4 is the city of the great king. Next to the temple in point of splendour, was the very superb palace of Herod, which is largely described by Josephus3; it afterwards became the residence of the Roman procurators, who for this purpose generally claimed the royal palaces in those provinces which were subject to kings. These dwellings of the Roman procurators in the provinces were called Prætoria: Herod's palace therefore was Pilate's prætorium (Matt. xxvii. 27.; John xviii. 28.); and in some part of this edifice was the armoury or barracks of the Roman soldiers that garrisoned Jerusalem, whither Jesus was conducted and mocked by them. (Matt. xxvii. 27.; Mark xv. 16.) In the front of this palace was the tribunal, where Pilate sat in a judicial capacity to hear and determine weighty causes; being a raised pavement of mosaic work (MóσTρwтov), the Evangelist informs us that in the Hebrew language it was on this account termed Gabbatha (John xix. 13.), i. e. an elevated place. In this tribunal the procurator Florus sat, A. D. 66; and, in order to punish the Jews for their seditious behaviour, issued orders for his soldiers to plunder the upper market-place in Jerusalem, and to put to death such Jews as they met with; which commands were executed with savage barbarity." On a steep rock adjoining the north-west corner of the temple stood the Tower of Antonia, on the site of a citadel that had been 'M. D'Anville has elaborately investigated the extent of Jerusalem, as described by Josephus, in his learned "Dissertation sur l'Etendue de l'ancienne Jerusalem et de son Temple," the accuracy of whose details Viscount Chateaubriand has attested in his Itinerary to and from Jerusalem. This very rare dissertation of D'Anville is reprinted in the Bible de Vence, tom. vi. pp. 43-84. 5th edition. 2 Jolliffe's Letters from Palestine, p. 103. Antiq. Jud. lib. xv. c. 9. § 3. De Bell. Jud. lib. i. c. 21. § 1. et lib. v. c. 4. § 3. Ibid. lib. v. c. 35. et 41. (tom. iv. pp. 125. 142.) Compare Josephus, de Bell. Jud. lib. v. c. 15. § 5. c. 17. § 8. 7 Josephus, de Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. 14. § 8. erected by Antiochus Epiphanes in order to annoy the Jews, and which, after being destroyed by them2, was rebuilt by the Maccabæan prince John Hyrcanus, B. c. 135.3 Herod the Great repaired it with great splendour, uniting in its interior all the conveniences of a magnificent palace, with ample accommodations for soldiers. This citadel (in which a Roman legion was always quartered) overlooked the two outer courts of the temple, and communicated with its cloisters by means of secret passages, through which the military could descend and quell any tumult that might arise during the great festivals. This was the guard to which Pilate alluded, as already noticed. (Matt. xxvii. 65.) The tower of Antonia was thus named by Herod, in honour of his friend Mark Antony; and this citadel is "the castle" into which St. Paul was conducted (Acts xxi. 34, 35.), and of which mention is made in Acts xxii. 24. As the temple was a fortress that guarded the whole city of Jerusalem, so the tower of Antonia was a fortress that entirely commanded the temple.* Besides the preceding edifices, Josephus mentions a house or palace at the extremity of the upper city, which had been erected by the princes of the Asmonean family, from whom it was subsequently called the Asmonæan Palace. It appears to have been the residence of the princes of the Herodian family (after the Romans had reduced Judæa into a province of the empire), whenever they went up to Jerusalem. In this palace, Josephus mentions Berenice and Agrippa as residing, and it is not improbable that it was the residence of Herod the tetrarch of Galilee when he went to keep the solemn festivals at that city; and that it was here that our Saviour was exposed to the wanton mockery of the soldiers, who had accompanied Herod thither, either as a guard to his person, or from ostentation. (Luke xxiii. 7—11.)6 ד In VI. "Jerusalem lies in the midst of a rocky limestone region, throughout which fountains and wells are comparatively rare. the city itself little, if any, living water is known: yet, with all these disadvantages of position, the Holy City would appear always to have had a full supply of water for its inhabitants both in ancient and in modern times." The main dependence of Jerusalem for water, at the present day, is on its cisterns. Immense cisterns still exist, as they anciently existed, within the area of the temple, which are supplied partly from rain water and partly from an aqueduct. "In addition to these, almost every private house in Jerusalem, of any size, is understood to have at least one or more cisterns, excavated in the soft limestone rock on which the city is built. Most of these cisterns have undoubtedly come down from ancient times, and their immense extent furnishes a full solution of the question as to the supply of water for the city."7 Josephus, Ant. Jud. lib. xii. c. 5. § 4. 3 Ibid. lib. xv. c. 11. § 4. Ibid. lib. ii. c. 15. § 1. and c. 16. § 3. Schulzii Archæologia Biblica, pp. 27-30. 2 Ibid. lib. xiii. c. 6. § 6. Robinson's Biblical Researches, vol. i. pp. 480, 481. The house of M. Lanneau, in |