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in very tolerable preservation, and very handsome. Near it the ancient pavement, with wheel tracks of carriages, is still visible. Broken columns and capitals lie in every direction."

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bitants of this place are as inhospitable as they were in the time of Jesus Christ. (Lord Lindsay's Letters from Edom, &c., vol. ii. p. 97. Quarterly Rev. vol. xxvi. p. 389. Irby's and Mangle's Travels, pp. 297, 298. Madden's Travels in Turkey, &c., vol. ii. p. 311.) GAIUS.

1. A Macedonian, and fellow-traveller of St. Paul, who was seized by the populace at Ephesus. (Acts xix. 29.)

2. A native of Derbe, who accompanied Paul in his last journey to Jerusalem, (Acts xx. 4.) To him St. John is supposed to have addressed his third epistle.

3. An inhabitant of Corinth, with whom Paul lodged, and in whose house the Christians were accustomed to meet. (Rom. xvi 23. 1 Cor. i. 14.)

GALATIA, a province of Asia Minor, bounded on the west by Phrygia, on the east by the river Halys, on the north by Paphlagonia, and on the south by Lycaonia. This country derived its name from the Gauls, two tribes of whom (the Trocmi and Tolistoboii) with a tribe of the Celts, or, according to Prof. Hug, Germans (the Tectosages), finding their own country too small to support its redundant population, migrated thither after the sacking of Rome by Brennus; and mingling with the former inhabitants, and adopting the Greek language, the whole were called Gallo-Græci. During the reign of Augustus (A. U. c. 529, B. c. 26), Galatia was reduced into a Roman province, and was thenceforth governed by the Roman laws, under the administration of a proprætor. The Galatians seem to have preserved their native religion, to which they superadded the worship of the great mother of the gods. Their principal cities were Ancyra., Tavium, and Pessinus; the latter of which carried on some commerce. Callimachus (Hymn. in Delum. 5. 184.) and Hilary (Hymn. Hieron. pref. in ep. ad Galat.), who was himself a Gaul, represent them as a very foolish people ; whence St. Paul says (iii. 1.), “Ò FOOLISH Galatians, who hath bewitched you ?" This church was so dangerously perverted, and almost overturned by the Judaisers there, that the apostle, in his epistle to them, does not call them saints. See an analysis of his epistle to the Galatians in Vol. IV. pp 531-533. Galatia was also the seat

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GALILEE, Upper and Lower, 14, 15. The Galilæans were accounted brave and industrious, though the other Jews affected to consider them as not only stupid and unpolished, but also seditious, and therefore proper objects of contempt. (John i. 47. vii. 52.) They were easily distinguished from the Jews of Jerusalem by a peculiar dialect; for a notice of which, see p. 15. and note 2.

GALILEANS, Sect of, principles of, 405.
GALILEE OF THE NATIONS, 16.
GALILEE, Sea of, account of, 45, 46.

;

GALLIO, a proconsul of Achaia, was the elder brother of the philosopher Seneca, and was called Marcus Annæus Novatus but took the name of Gallio, after being adopted into the family of Lucius Junius Gallio. Before his tribunal St. Paul was dragged at Corinth. His conduct on that occasion exhibits him in the character of a mild and amiable man; and St. Luke's account is confirmed by profane writers. See Vol. I. pp. 164, 165.

GAMALIEL, a Pharisee and an eminent doctor of the law under whom St. Paul was educated. (Acts v. 24. xxii. 3.) He possessed great influence among the Jews, and is said by some to have presided over the sanhedrin during the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius.

GAMES, Olympic, allusions to, explained, 538-545. Gymnastic games in imitation of them among the Jews, 533, 534.

GARDENS of the Hebrews, notice of, 502. GARMENTS of the priests, 303. Of the high priest, 305, 306. Of the Jews, generally, 428-430. Transparent Garments of women, 435. Rending of, a sign of mourning, 438. Great wardrobes of, ibid. 439.

GATES of cities, 427. ; were seats of justice, 131. Gates of Jerusalem, 23. Proselytes of the Gate, 291.

GATH, a city of the Philistines, one of their five principalities (1 Sam. vi. 17.), famous for having given birth to Goliath. David conquered it in the beginning of his reign over all Israel (1 Sam. xvii. 4.) : it continued subject to his successors till the declension of the kingdom of Judah. Rehoboam rebuilt or fortified it. (2 Chron. xi. 8.) Uzziah reconquered it as did

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Hezekiah. Josephus makes it part of the tribe of Dan; but Joshua takes no notice of it. Calmet thinks, that Mithcah mentioned by Moses (Numb. xxxiii. 29.), is the Metheg in 2 Sam. viii. 1. In our authorised version it is rendered, David took Metheg-Ammah, that is, Metheg the Mother, which, in 1 Chron. xviii. 1., is explained by-He took Gath and her daughters (or towns); Gath being the mother, and Metheg the daughter. But it may be that the district of Gath and its dependencies was called in David's time MethegAmmah; but this being unusual, or becoming obsolete, the author of the Chronicles explains it to be Gath and its villages. According to this idea, Gath of the Philistines, the birth-place of giants (2 Sam. xxi. 20. 22.) must lie far in Arabia Petræa, towards Egypt, which is confirmed by the author of the first book of Chronicles, who says, that the sons of Ephraim being in Egypt, attacked the city of Gath, and were there slain. (1 Chron. vii. 21.)

Jerome says, there was a large town called Gath, in the way from Eleutheropolis to Gaza; and Eusebius speaks of another Gath, five miles from Eleutheropolis, toward Lydda (consequently different from that which Jerome speaks of); also another Gath, or Gattha, between Jamnia and Antipatris. Jerome likewise, speaking of GathHepher, the place of the prophet Jonah's birth, says, it was called Gath-Hepher, or Gath, in the district of Hepher, to distinguish it from others of the same name. Gath was the most southern city of the Philistines, as Ekron was the most northern; so that Ekron and Gath are placed as the boundaries of their land. (1 Sam. vii. 14. xvii. 52.) Gath lay near Mareshah (2 Chron. xi. 8. Micah i. 14. Heb.), which nearly agrees with Jerome, who places Gath on the road from Eleutheropolis to Gaza. Gath was a place of strength, in the time of the prophets Amos and Micah, independent of the kings of Judah (Amos vi. 2. Micah i. 10. 14.); but was taken by Uzziah, king of Judah, while Amos was living; and afterwards by Hezekiah, in Micah's time. Gethaim (2 Sam. iv. 3. Neh. xi. 33.) is Gath. David had a company of Gittite guards. Not a vestige of Gath is now to be seen.

GATH-HEPHER, the birth-place of the prophet Jonah (2 Kings xiv. 25.), was a town in the allotment of the tribe of Zabulon. (Josh. xix. 13.) It was probably situated in the land of Hepher mentioned in 1 Kings iv. 10.

GAULONITIS, District of, 17.

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GAZA, a very celebrated city of the Jews, distant about 60 miles south-west from Jerusalem: it was one of the five cities of the Philistines, which fell by lot to the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv. 47.), and which offered their golden emerods to the God of Israel for a trespass-offering. (1 Sam. vi. 17.) Its gates were carried away by Samson (Judg. xvi. 2.), and hither he was conducted when taken by the Philistines (v. 21.), three thousand of whom, both men and women, were assembled on the roof of the temple of their God Dagon (27.), and perished when Samson pulled it down. (30.) " If any one should question the possibility of 3000 people being upon the roof of the temple in question, he may be referred to the accounts of the temples at Thebes in Upper Egypt, which have been given by all recent travellers; accounts which, while they come to us authenticated in such a manner as to admit of no doubt in regard to their verity and correctness, at the same time present things apparently incredible, and contrary to all the philosophising of most speculative and theoretical historians. The ruins of ancient Greece and Rome, so far as vastness and extent are concerned, dwindle into insignificance when compared with the astonishing remains of early architecture at Thebes. What is most confounding of all to that philosophising, in which historians of a sceptical cast are prone to indulge, is, that these mighty ruins are, beyond all doubt, the relics of architecture designed and executed in ages, when (as some popular writers admonish us to believe) men were not yet weaned from contending with the beasts of the forest for their lairs and for their acorns, nor but very little elevated above them. The ruins at Thebes present evidences of control over physical power; of skill in architecture on a scale of surprising magnitude; and of art in mixing and laying on colours that are fresh as if painted but yesterday, after having been laid on for more than thirty centuries; which confound and put to shame all that the arts and sciences, and the experience of three thousand years, have since been able to accomplish. So much for the rudeness, and barbarity, and ignorance of the pri mitive ages. The Philistines, the near neighbours of the Egyptians, and their hearty coadjutors in polytheism, might well have, and doubtless had, large temples as well as they; large enough to afford room for three thousand, and some of them not improbably for many more, to

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GENNESARETH, Lake of, 45, 46. Land of, 71.

GENTILES, court of, in the temple, 264,

265.

GEOGRAPHY, not unknown to the Jews as a science, 501. Sketch of the historical and physical geography of Palestine, 1-92. GERGESAH, or GERASHA, a city in the region of DECAPOLIS, SO called, either from the Girgashites, the posterity of Canaan, (for neither did Zebulon nor Naphthali drive out all the Canaanites, Judg. i. 30. 33.), or from Gergishta, signifying clay, the soil being clay; it gave name to a region so called, which comprehended in it Gadara, Hippo, and Magdala. Messrs. Burckhardt, Buckingham, and other modern travellers, consider the ruins of Djerash to be those of the ancient Gergesha or Gerasa. They are very magnificent: the columns which remain are so numerous, that they appear like groves of palm-trees. The city occupied a space of nearly two miles square. Lord Lindsay (who, however, supposes them to be the ruins of Pella, also a city of the Decapolis), has given a brief but very interesting description of these remains of ancient art. (Letters from Edom, &c. vol. ii. pp. 103-108.) A beautiful view of the ruins of Gergesha is given in the "Landscape Illustrations of the Bible: " and a full account of the ruins of this city is given in "An Excursion from Jericho to the Ruins of the Ancient Cities of Gerasa and Amman." [By George Hall], London, 1852. | GERIZIM (Mount), a rugged limestone mountain, forming part of the ridge called Mount Ephraim, over against Mount Ebal; it is from eight hundred to a thousand feet in height, and between the two the city Schechem was situated. (Deut. xi. 29. xxvii. 11, 12.) In subsequent times this mountain became the seat of the religious worship of the Samaritans, who erected a temple there; for a notice of which, see p. 271. Gerizim exhibits but few traces of cultivation. Considerable fragments of ancient edifices are stated to be found on its summit, which are supposed to be the foundation, or other remains, of this Samaritan temple.

GERSHOM and ELIEZER, the sons of Moses and Zipporah, were only simple Levites, while their relations, the sons of Aaron, enjoyed the highest honours of the pontificate.

GERSHON, a son of Levi, who gave his name to one of the three great branches of the Levites. The office of the Gershonites was, to carry the veils and curtains of the

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tabernacle, on the western side of which they encamped.

GESHUR, a district of Syria, bordering north of the Hebrew territory (2 Sam. xv. 8. 1 Chron. ii. 23.), and situated on the eastern side of the river Jordan, between Mount Hermon, Maachah, and Bashan. (Deut. iii. 13, 14. Josh. xii. 3, 4.) The Geshurites and Maachathites were not expelled by the Israelites under Joshua. (Josh. xiii. 2. 13.) That they were not conquered at a later period, appears from the fact that, in the reign of David, Geshur had its own king Talmai, whose daughter Maachah was the mother of the rebel Absalom. (2 Sam. iii. 3. xiii. 37. xv. 8.) The word Geshur signifies a bridge, and corresponds to the Arabic Djisr: and in the same region, where (according to the above data), we must place Geshur, there still exists an ancient stone bridge of four arches over the river Jordan, called Djisr-Beni-Jakub, or the Bridge of the Children of Jacob.

GESIUS FLORUS, the procurator of Judæa, notice of, 131.

GETHSEMANE, a garden beyond Kedron, at the foot of Mount Olivet, so called from the wine-presses in it: it is memorable in the evangelical history, as being the scene of our Saviour's agony, and is now called El Jesmániyah. It is described by recent travellers, as being a small plat of ground fifty-four paces square, with a low hedge or inclosure of stones; no verdure growing on it, save eight very large, magnificent, and venerable-looking olive trees, which have stood there for many centuries: they are highly venerated by the Christians here, who consider any attempt to cut or injure them as amounting to an act of profanation. The largest is twenty-four feet in girth above its roots, though its topmost branch is not thirty feet from the ground. "One of them, barked and scarified by the knives of pilgrims, is reverenced as the identical tree under which Jesus was betrayed: and its enormous roots, growing high out of the earth, could induce a belief of almost any antiquity." (Stephens's Incidents of Travel, p. 480.) Although we are informed by Josephus that Titus cut down all the trees within one hundred furlongs of the city, yet it is not improbable that these trees, which are unquestionably of remote antiquity, may have arisen from the roots of the ancient trees, which witnessed the Saviour's agony and betrayal: because the olive is very longlived, and possesses the peculiar property of shooting up again, however frequently it may be cut down. The trees now standing in the garden of Gethsemane are of the species