HE considerable space. The fourfold division of the town gives it a singular appearance, while the cupolas on the houses, and the vigorous olive trees interspersed throughout the town, added greatly to its beauty. About a mile to the north-west of Hebron, is an immense spreading oak, one of the largest in Palestine, and of great age, which is supposed to occupy the site of the oak under which Abraham received three angels. The vineyards in the vicinity of Hebron are very fine, and the produce abundant. The population of this town is under ten thousand. (Scottish Mission to Palestine, pp. 178. 184.) At the southern end of the town there are two pools, over one of which it is probable that David hung the hands and feet of Baanah and Rechab, the assassins of Ish-bosheth. (2 Sam. iv. 12.) The Arabic name of Hebron is El-Hahl, or "The Beloved," so called in memory of Abraham "the friend of God." A copious account of the history, antiquities, and present state of Hebron, is given by Dr. Robinson in his Biblical Researches, vol. ii. pp. 431-462;| and by Dr. Wilson in his Lands of the Bible, vol. i. pp. 364-379. HELBON, a city of Syria, celebrated for its wines, which formed an important article of commerce. (Ezek. xxviii. 18.) In the apocryphal second book of Maccabees (xiii. 4.), it is mentioned under the name of Bercea, which had been given to it by Seleucus Nicator, who greatly embellished this city. It is the same as the present Haleb, or, as it is termed by Europeans, Aleppo. In 1822 it was almost annihilated by the tremendous earthquake which devasted Syria. HELIOPOLITAN Temple, notice of, 270. HELLENES and HELLENISTS, distinction between, 290, note1. HELLENISTIC JEWS, who they were, 290. HENA, a city of Mesopotamia, the same probably which was afterwards called Arah: it was situated on a ford of the river Euphrates. (2 Kings xviii. 34. xix. 13. Isa. xxxvii. 13.) HERMOGENES, the name of a man who at first was St. Paul's companion, but afterwards deserted him. (2 Tim. i. 15.) HERMON, Mount, 56, 57. HEROD the Great, account of, 122-124, Massacre of the infants at Bethlehem by his order, 124. The temple at Jerusalem gradually rebuilt by him, 262. HEROD Agrippa, I. and II. account of, 126. HI HERODIAS, the grand-daughter of Hered the Great and sister of Herod Agrippa I. She was first married to her uncle Philip (Herod); but afterwards abandoned him, and connected herself with his brother Herod Antipas, whom she persuaded to put John the Baptist to death, because he had boldly denounced their incestuous union. (Matt. xiv. 3. 6. Mark vi. 17. 19. 22. Luke iii. 19.) HESHBON, the capital city of the kingdom of Sihon, situated about 20 miles eastward of the river Jordan: it was given to the tribe of Reuben. It is supposed to be the same place which is now called Heshân or Hhubhzan. Numerous ruins attest its ancient splendour. This town is situated on so commanding a position, that the view from it extends at least 30 miles in every direction; and, to the southward, where the prospect is most extensive, the eye ranges, probably, a distance of 60 miles in a direct line. (Buckingham's Travels among the Arab Tribes, p. 106.) HEZEKIAH, the son and successor of Ahaz king of Judah: he was a wise and pious prince, who extirpated idolatry, and restored the worship of the true God throughout his dominions. For a notice of the disease with which he was afflicted, see p. 552. HIDDEKEL, one of the four rivers which watered Paradise. (Gen. ii. 14.) It is generally supposed to be the same as the Tigris, which flowed through the ancient country of ASSYRIA. HIEL, of Bethel, rebuilt Jericho, notwithstanding the malediction denounced in Josh. vi. 26.; the effects of which he felt in his own family; his eldest son dying when the foundations of the walls were laid, and his youngest son when the gates were set up. (1 Kings xvi. 34.) HIERAPOLIS, a city of Phrygia, in the vicinity of Colossæ and Laodicea (Col. iv. 13.), celebrated for its mineral waters, which now flow disregarded by the Turcomans. "Once there existed on the self-same spot a life-giving stream: but Epaphras and his successors, who said to the then countless multitudes of Hierapolis, Whosoever will, may come and take of the water of life freely,' have ages ago been silent in the grave." (Arundell's Seven Churches of Asia, p. 83.) ruins of Hierapolis are still considerable; they are described by Mr. A. (Ibid. pp. 79-82.) This place is now called Pambouk Kalesi. The HIEROGLYPHIC STONES, forbidden to be worshipped by the Israelites, 377. HI Biographical, Historical, and ●High places, account of, 271–273. HIGH PRIESTS, functions, dress, and privileges of, 305-308. Their succession, 308-311. HINNOM, a person who is known only from the circumstance of his having given his name to a VALLEY, situated at a very short distance from Jerusalem; for a notice of which, see p. 64. HIRAM. 1. HIRAM I. king of Tyre, the ally or tributary of David, to whom he sent ambassadors to congratulate him on his accession to the throne. The dominions of Hiram are supposed to have extended over the western part of the chain of Mount Lebanon. When David was building a palace, Hiram sent him cedar timber and able artificers. (2 Sam. v. 11. 1 Chron. xiv. 1.) 2. HIRAM II., the son and successor of the preceding, who congratulated Solomon on succeeding his father on the throne of Israel. He also furnished Solomon with timber, stone, and artificers for his magnificent buildings, especially the temple at Jerusalem. He is known under the same name by profane historians. но cal geography, 1-32. Physical geography why so called, 2. Sketch of its historiand productions, 33-84. Testimonies of ancient and modern geographers to its fertility, 84-86. Calamities to which it was subject, 87-91. Its present degraded in the patriarchal times, 92. Under Moses, state accounted for, 86, 87. Its government -97. Under Joshua and the Judges, 98. Under the Kings, 94-114. Reason why the kingdom of Judah subsisted longer than under of the Asmonæan princes and sovethat of Israel, 117-120. Its condition reigns the Herodian family, 125–127. And under the Roman procurators, 128, 129. HOLY OF HOLIES, account of, 267, 268. HOPHRAH. See PHARAOH-HOPHRAH, p. 659. HOR: - where Aaron died (Numb. xx. 22—28.); 1. A mountain on the confines of Edom its form is a cone, irregularly truncated having three rugged points or peaks, of which that on the north-east is the highest. Here is shown the pretended tomb of Aaron (called Neby Hârun), which gives name to the mountain; but, from its ap 3. HIRAM or HURAM, a celebrated artificer, was the son of a widow, belong-pearance, it should seem to have been ing to the tribe of Dan, and a Tyrian. He was sent by Hiram II. to Solomon, for whom he executed the principal work in the interior of the temple, as well as several of the sacred utensils. (1 Kings vii. 13 -45. 2 Chron. ii. 14. iv. 11.) HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY of the Holy Land, 1-32. HISTORICAL WRITING, art of, cultivated by the Jews, 520. HITTITES, the descendants of Heth, the second son of Canaan. They dwelt in the south part of the promised land, near Hebron. HIVITES, a tribe of the Canaanites. They seem to have been the same with the Avim, whom the Philistines expelled. Driven from the south-west of Canaan, part of them appear to have settled about Avim, Gibeon, and Shechem, whose inhabitants are called Hivites in Josh. ix. 11. 19. xvii. 23, Gen. xxxiv. 2.; and another part seem to have settled near Mount Hermon. (Josh. xi. 3.) rebuilt at no very distant period. The view from this mountain is extensive. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 433— Wilson's Lands of the Bible, vol. i. pp. 438., Robinson's Bibl. Res. vol. ii. p. 508. 293-298.) 2. A mountain in Lebanon. (Numb. xxxiv. 7, 8.) HOREB, a mountainous district in forms a part. Arabia Petræa, of which Mount SINAI "These names, however, are now applied to two opposite summits of an oblong, insulated mountain, rising mountain heights. A narrow, deep, and from the centre of a confused group of irregular defile sweeps round this mass, which at its southern extremity receives the name of Sinai; while to its northern extremity, having an elevation from twelve of Horeb. to fifteen hundred feet, is given the name stretching northwards, is a plain of conAt the foot of Horeb, and siderable magnitude, called El-Rabah; is a small plain, to which is given the name and, leading from the latter on the right, of Wady Es-Sheikh. Here, according to authorities), stood the whole congregation Drs. Robinson and Wilson (the best of Israel, when Moses brought them forth HOLOCAUSTS, account of, 328. out of the camp to meet with God: and HOLY LAND, the country of the Jews, the southern edge of Er-Rahah, is the Horeb, rising in frowning grandeur from HOBAB, the son of Jethro, and the brother-in-law of Moses, at whose earnest request he accompanied the Israelites as a guide through the wilderness. His family dwelt among them during the time of the first judges. HO very 'Mount of God,' where he stood when he descended upon it in fire." (Mc Leod's Atlas of Scripture Geography, p. 17.) There are springs and fruit-trees on Horeb, but only rain-water on Sinai. At Horeb God appeared to Moses in the burning bush. (Exod. iii. 1, 2, 3.) At the foot of this mountain Moses struck the rock, and drew water from it. (Exod. xvii. 6.) Elijah retired here to avoid the persecution of Jezebel (1 Kings xix. 8.); and the cave or grotto, in which the prophet found shelter, is yet pointed out by tradition, the truth of which is confirmed by the appearance of the surrounding scenery. This cave "is as desolate a place of refuge as the fancy can conceive:- no brook or pool is nigh, to quench the burning thirst; not a shrub grows on the soil, but sand and useless precipices are on every side. Every part of the way was strewed with broken fragments of rocks." (Carne's Recollections of the East, p. 345.) It is frequently said in the Old Testament, that God gave the law at Horeb, though other places expressly name Sinai; because Horeb and Sinai form, in fact, but one mountain. From its lofty summit nothing is to be seen on every side, as far as the eye can reach, but ranges of naked mountains succeeding each other, like waves of the sea. This mountain is now called St. ❘ Catherine's. (Carne's Letters from the East, pp. 197, 198.) HORITES, a people who dwelt in Mount Seir (Gen. xiv. 6.), whence they were subsequently expelled by the Edomites. (Deut. ii. 12. 22.) HORN, or crooked trumpet of the Jews, 514. HORSES, notice of, 487. HORTICULTURE of the Jews, account of, 502. HOSEA: 1. The earlier name of JOSHUA, the servant and successor of Moses. (Numb. xiii. 8. 16.) 2. The last king of Israel, who, having conspired against Pekah, slew him and usurped his throne. In his reign Shalmaneser king of Assyria invaded Israel, took Samaria, which he reduced to a heap of ruins, and removed the Israelites beyond the river Euphrates. 3. The first of the minor prophets. He lived during the reigns of Uzziah, Jothan, Ahaz, and Hezekiah king of Judah, and of Jeroboam II. king of Israel (Hos. i. 1.); and was contemporary with Isaiah, Micah, and Amos. His predictions were directed chiefly against the kings and IC "He lived in a very kingdom of Israel. corrupt age. Idolatry, a fondness for foreign alliances, civil distraction, and vice of every description abounded: the impending judgments for which he was commanded to announce." (Dr. Henderson, Minor Prophets, p. 2.) See an analysis of his predictions in Vol. II. pp. 941-946. HOSPITALITY of the Jews, 480-482. Notice of Tessera Hospitales, 482, 483. HOT SEASON in Palestine, 37, 38. HOURS of the Jews and Romans, 188. HOUSES of the Jews, arrangement of, and their furniture, 413-426. Leprosy of houses, 363. HULDAH, a prophetess, the wife of Shallum, who was consulted by Josiah concerning the book of the law, which was found in the treasury of the temple. (2 Kings xxii. 14). HUR, whom some have supposed to be the husband of Miriam, and the brother-in-law of Moses, appears to have been one of the most intimate friends of the latter. During the battle between the Hebrews and the Amalekites, he upheld the weary arms of Moses, and when he was absent he shared with Aaron the authority over the Israelites. (Exod. xvii. 10. xxiv. 14.) HUSBANDRY of the Jews, account of, 485-491. HUSHAI, the friend of David; who, during the rebellion of Absalom, remained with that prince, and was of eminent service to David by infatuating the counsels of Absalom. (2 Sam. xvi.) HYMENEUS is supposed to have been a citizen of Ephesus; who being converted by St. Paul, afterwards fell into the heresy of those who denied the resurrection of the body, or rather, who maintained that the term was to be understood figuratively in reference to conversion, as being a resurrection from their former death in trespasses and sins; and that no other resurrection was to be expected. (Valpy on 2 Tim. ii. 17.) Hyssop, notice of, 77. note 3. IBZAN, the eighth judge of Israel, governed seven years. His prosperity is indicated by the circumstance of his having thirty sons, and as many daughters; and his riches, by all of them being married. (Judg. xii. 8.) ICONIUM, a city of Lycaonia, the chief of the fourteen belonging to that tetrarchy. Here was a synagogue of Jews and proselytes, to whom Paul and Barnabas preaching, and confirming their doctrine by mi ID Biographical, Historical, and racles, converted many to the Christian IDOLATRY, origin and progress of, 364, IDUMEA, Or EDOM, country of, 17, 18. ILLYRICUM, a province lying to the north and north-west of Macedonia, along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea or Gulf of Venice. It was divided into two parts, Liburnia to the north (now called Croatia), which is not mentioned in the New Testament; and Dalmatia to the south, which region still retains the same name. Hither St. Paul informs Timothy, Titus went (2 Tim. iv. 10.); and in Rom. xv. 19, he says that he preached the Gospel from Jerusalem round about unto Illyricum. IMPRISONMENT, Jewish modes of, 166, 167. Iparia, or Upper Garments, described, 428, 429. IMPURITIES, legal, purifications of, 359 -364. INAUGURATION of the kings of Israel and Judah, ceremonial of, 102-104. INCENSE, offering of, 321. INJURIES (corporal), punishment of, 159-161. INTERCALARY Month, notice of, 194. INTERMENT, rites of, 556-564. IRRIGATION practised by the Jews, 492, 493. ISAAC, the son of Abraham by Sarah, and one of the patriarchs of the Israelitish nation. He married Rebekak, and was the father of ESAU and JACOB, by whom he was honourably interred in the cave of Machpelah, about ten years before Jacob went into Egypt. ISAIAH, a celebrated Hebrew prophet, distinguished for the strength and sublimity of his conceptions and language. For a further account of Isaiah, and an analysis of his predictions, see Vol. II. pp. 835-868. In Acts viii. 28. 30. Esaias or Isaiah is metonymically put for the book or prophecy of Isaiah. ISHBOSHETH, or ISHBAAL, the son and successor of Saul. He reigned only two years; his whole party being thrown into IT confusion on the death of Abner, and ISCARIOT. See JUDAS, 1. infrà. Hagar. On the birth of Isaac, Hagar and ISHMAEL, the son of Abraham and her son were expelled from the house of Abraham, at the desire of Sarah, and dwelt in the wilderness of Paran, to the south of Palestine. Of Egyptian origin by his mother, Ishmael married an Egyptian woman, by whom he had two daughters, one of whom Esau married, and twelve sons, who gave their names to as many tribes of Arabians, conformably to xvii. 20. xxv. 9. xxviii. 9. xxxvi. 5.) Ishthe predictions concerning Ishmael. (Gen. mael died, aged 187 years. probably mean many of the maritime ISRAEL (that is, a prince of God, or a ISRAEL, Land of, 2. Kingdom of, 14. and the kingdom of Judah, 115, 116. Its Latent causes of the schism between it duration, 116. Mountains of, 60. ISRAELITES, the descendants of Israel. the patriarch Abraham, surnamed the At first they were called Hebrews, from Euphrates into the land of Canaan. After Hebrew, from his having passed over the the exodus from Egypt, they were generally called Israelites; and on their return from the Babylonish captivity, they were denominated Jews, from the tribe of Judah, the most considerable of the twelve tribes. Moses to the subversion of their kingdom Their political state from the time of by the Assyrians, 93—121. Idols worshipped by them, 367-377. Court of the Israelites, 265. ISSACHAR, the fifth son of Jacob and tribes of Israel. For the limits of the Leah, and the head of one of the twelve canton allotted to which, see p. 13. ISSUE of blood, 554. Europe, bounded on the north by the IT Alps, on the east by the Adriatic Sea or the Gulf of Venice, and on the west and south by the Ligustine and Tyrrhene Seas, which names were formerly applied to parts of the Mediterranean Sea. ROME was its capital, and the seat of almost universal empire in the time of the writers of the New Testament. (Acts xviii. 2. xxvii. 1. 6. Heb. xiii. 24.) ITUREA, region of, 17. JABBOK, Brook, notice of, 43. JABESH, a city in the half-tribe of Manasseh beyond Jordan, generally called Jabesh-Gilead, because it lay in Gilead, at the foot of the mountains so named. According to Eusebius it was six miles from Pella towards Gerasa; consequently, it must have been east of the sea of Tiberias. Jabesh-Gilead was sacked by the Israelites, because its inhabitants refused to join in the war against the tribe of Benjamin. (Judg. xxi. 8.) Nahash, king of the Ammonites, laying siege to Jabesh, proposed hard conditions to the inhabitants, from which Saul delivered them, A. M. 2909, B. C. 1094. They ever after showed great gratitude to Saul and his family: they carried off his and his sons' bodies which the Philistines had hung upon the walls of Bethshan, and buried them honourably in a wood near their city. (1 Sam. xxxi. 11—13.) JABIN I. king of Hazor, one of the most powerful Canaanitish chieftains, ruled over the northern part of the land of promise. After the ruin of the confederation formed against the Israelites by Adonizedek, Jabin assembled his tributaries near the waters of Merom, and summoned all their forces to arms. This coalition was destroyed, as well as the preceding; and Jabin himself perished at the destruction of his capital, Hazor. (Josh. xi. 1-12.) Jabin II., king of Hazor, was probably descended from the preceding sovereign. During one or other of the servitudes of Israel under Cushan or Eglon, the kingdom of Hazor, which Joshua had destroyed, appears to have been re-established; and Jabin must have possessed a powerful dominion, since he is said to have brought into the field 900 chariots armed with scythes. This Jabin oppressed the Israelites for twenty years. After the death of his general Sisera, who had been conquered by Barak, the war was prolonged for some time, but it was finally terminated by the ruin of Jabin. (Judg. iv.) JACOB, the second son of Isaac and Rebekah, and the father of the twelve tribes of Israel. Having surreptitiously obtained his father's blessing (Gen. xxvii.), to avoid Ꭻ Ꭺ his brother's resentment, Rebekah sent him away alone into Mesopotamia, to Laban her brother, whose daughters, Leah and Rachel, he married. After serving Laban many years, he returned into the land of Canaan; having during his journey had an amicable interview with his brother Esau. He afterwards dwelt at Shechem, in a field which he had purchased of the Hivites; but being apprehensive of the resentment of the people, for the slaughter of the Shechemites by Simeon and Levi on account of the violation of their sister Dinah by Shechem, Jacob removed to Bethel, where he offered sacrifice, and God renewed his promises. Many years after this he went down to Egypt to his son Joseph, where he resided seventeen years, and died in a good old age, after giving his prophetic blessing to his sons. Jacob is, in Scripture, frequently put metonymically for his posterity, that is, for the Israelitish nation. JACOB'S WELL, notice of, 50, 51. JAEL, the wife of Heber the Kenite. She killed Sisera, general of the Canaanitish army, whom she had received into her tent, by driving a nail into his temples. Concerning this transaction, see Vol. 1. p. 604. JAFFA. See JOPPA, p. 687. infrà. JAIR, a Gileadite, who judged the Israelites for twenty-two years. He had thirty sons who governed thirty towns, which also bore the name of the towns of Jair. JAIRUS, a ruler or presiding officer of a synagogue, whose daughter Jesus Christ restored to life by a miracle: for the circumstances of which, see Vol. I. p. 236. JAMES: 1. JAMES, the son of Zebedee, and the brother of the apostle John: he was put to death by Herod Agrippa, about A. D. 44. (Matt. iv. 21. x. 2. Mark iii. 17. Luke vi. 14. Acts i. 13. xii. 2.) 2. JAMES, surnamed the Less. (Mark xv. 40.) He was the son of ALPHEUS, and wrote the epistle which bears his name. For an analysis of which, and a further account of James, see Vol. IV. pp. 591-596. JANNES and JAMBRES, two of the principal Egyptian magicians; who withstood Moses and Aaron by attempting to imitate the miracles which they actually performed. (Exod. vii. 11, 12. viii. 7. 18, 19.) As these names are not found in the Old Testament, the apostle probably derived them from tradition. (2 Tim. iii. 8.), as they are often mentioned in the rabbinical books. |