JO He perished in battle with his father on Mount Gilboa; and his death is pathetically lamented by David in a funeral elegy which he composed in honour of both. (2 Sam. i.) JOPPA, a sea-port of Palestine, on the Mediterranean, called also Japha, and now universally Jaffa, owes all the circumstances of its celebrity, as the principal port of Judæa, to its situation with regard to Jerusalem. It is situated on a rocky hill of an oblong shape, the houses and streets regularly rising above one another in terraces, according to the elevation of the different strata forming the site of the buildings. As a station for vessels, its harbour is one of the worst in the Mediterranean, being broken down and choked with sand. "Ships generally anchor about a mile from the town to avoid the shoals and rocks of the place. In ancient times it was the only place resorted to as a seaport in all Judæa. Hither Solomon ordered the materials for the temple to be brought from Mount Libanus, previous to their conveyance by land to Jerusalem." (Clarke's Travels, vol. iv. p. 442. Jolliffe's Letters from Palestine, p. 198. Irby's and Mangle's Travels, pp. 186188.) And from this place the prophet Jonah afterwards embarked for Nineveh. (Jonah i. 3.) It is a place of very great antiquity. "It is first mentioned in Joshua xix. 46., as, with its adjoining towns, [being] part of the lot of Dan. It next appears as the place, at which were landed the floats of wood from Lebanon for the building of the temple. (2 Chron. ii. 16.) The Sea of Joppa was that to which the cedars of Lebanon, destined for the repair of the temple, were brought. (Ezra iii. 7.)” It appears from the Acts of the Apostles (ix. x. xi.) that the Gospel was received here soon after Christ's ascension. Here also St. Peter restored to life Dorcas or Tabitha (Acts ix. 40.), whose reputed tomb is still shown to travellers. "It is a cave excavated in a scaly, friable, limestone, and is about twelve feet deep, with a flight of steps leading down to it. The floor is level. The interior is about eighteen feet long; and it has nine crypts, three fronting the entrance and three on each side, each one measuring eight feet in length, two feet in width, and three feet in height; the side crypts [being] about eight feet apart." (Lynch's Expedition to the Jordan, &c., p. 442.) Modern Joppa or Jaffa, stands on a promontory, which rises about 150 feet above the level of the sea: it commands varied and picturesque views on every | | JO side. The Rev. Dr. Wilson, in 1843, estimated the population of Joppa, exclusive of the military, at five thousand souls, of whom twenty-six families, with 120 souls, were Jews. The gardens of Joppa extend for a considerable distance outside the town, and are surrounded by hedges of the prickly pear. There is very little trade here, the only business of the place being derived from the supplies necessary for the pilgrims going to and returning from Jerusalem. The house of the British vice-consul (signor Damiani), in 1831, stood on the reputed site of the house which had been Simon the Tanner's, the host of the apostle Peter; and a portion of an ancient wall therein was pointed out, as a genuine relic of the original mansion. (Three Weeks in Palestine, pp. 6—10. London, 1833. Anderson's Bible Light from Bible Lands, p. 106. London, 1856. Robinson's Travels in Palestine and Syria, vol. i. pp. 18, 19. Stephens's Incidents of Travel, pp. 507, 508. Wilson's Lands of the Bible, vol. ii. pp. 257-259.) JORAM. See JEHORAM, 2. p. 682. JORDAN, River, account of, 41-43. Region round about, 70. Thickets of, 80. JOSEPH : 1. JOSEPH, the eleventh son of Jacob, born of Rachel. Hated by his brethren, he was sold by them as a slave to some Midianitish merchants, by whom he was carried into Egypt, and again sold to Potiphar. He subsequently became governor over all the land of Egypt, and sent for his father and brethren to Egypt, where he provided for them. On the departure of the Israelites, pursuant to his command, the remains of Joseph, which had been embalmed according to the Egyptian process, were carried into Canaan (Heb. xi. 22.), and, it should seem from Josh. xxiv. 31., after the conquest by Joshua, were interred in Jacob's field near Shechem. (Gen. xxxvii.-1.) Joseph is sometimes, metonymically, put for his descendants, that is, the half-tribe of Ephraim. 2. The husband of Mary, and the reputed father of Jesus. (Matt. i. 16. 18— 20. 24. ii. 13. 19. Luke i. 27. ii. 4. 16. 33. 43. iii. 23. iv. 22. John i. 46. vi. 42.) 3. JOSEPH of Arimathea, a member of the Jewish sanhedrin, and privately a disciple of Jesus Christ. After his death, Joseph requested his body of Pilate, and honourably entombed it in his own new sepulchre. (Matt. xxvii. 57–60. Mark xv. 43-45. Luke xxiii. 50. John xix. 38.) 4. One of the seventy disciples of Jesus, also called Barsabas and Justus. He was JO nominated as one of the two candidates for the apostleship in place of the traitor Judas. (Acts i. 23.) JOSES: · 1. A brother of James the Less, and a kinsman of Jesus. (Matt. xiii. 55. xxvii. 56. Mark vi. 3. xv. 40. 47.) He is the only one of the sons of Cleopas and Mary who did not become an apostle; which circumstance has been accounted for by Coquerel, who supposes that Joses was one of those brethren or kinsmen of Jesus Christ who distinguished himself by his want of faith in him (compare John vii. 5.), and therefore was deemed unfit for the apostleship. As it appears from Acts i. 14. that the brethren of Jesus were present at the meetings of his disciples, which were held between the ascension and the day of Pentecost, it is not improbable that Joses was converted after the resurrection. 2. JOSES, surnamed BARNABAS, the companion of St. Paul. (Acts iv. 36.) JOSHUA, the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, called Jesus by the Greeks. He was the minister or servant, and the successor of Moses; an office which he deserved to fill on many accounts: for not only had Moses discovered in him distinguished talents, but God himself had destined Joshua to be the commander-inchief of his people, in which capacity Moses presented him to them a short time before his death. Joshua had displayed both knowledge and courage during the life of Moses, whom he accompanied to Mount Sinai at the giving of the law. In the battle with the Amalekites, he had bravely commanded the Israelites, and had been blessed with victory. He had been one of the twelve spies, whom Moses had sent to explore the land of Canaan; and as Caleb and he were the only persons out of that number who had encouraged the people when intimidated by the report of the other spies, so they were the only Israelites who were more than twenty years of age that survived their forty years' wandering in the desert, and participated in the conquest of Canaan. Joshua died at the age of 110 years, after he had for seventeen years governed the Israelites. His earlier name was Hosea, which Moses changed to Joshua, or, as it is pronounced in Hebrew Jehoshuah, the import of which is the Salvation of God. Joshua has been considered as a type of our Saviour. As the Hebrew general vanquished the impious Canaanites by the aid of God, and introduced His people into the rest of the promised land, so Jesus (whose name in JU Greek is the same as Jehoshuah) will one day subdue and exterminate the enemies of his name and disciples, and will introduce his people into that place of rest, in which they will enjoy perfect and eternal happiness. For observations on the book of Joshua, see Vol. II. pp. 633–646. ; and for an account of the division of the Holy Land by him, see pp. 9—13. of this volume; and for his government of the Israelites, see p. 98. Observations on the pile of stones raised by Joshua at Gilgal, Vol. I. p. 221. JOSIAH, the son of Amon and Jedidah, succeeded his father on the throne of Judah at the early age of eight years, and during a reign of thirty-one years he endeavoured, with much success, to restore the worship of God to its original purity. Being a tributary or ally of Nabopolassar, the founder of the Chaldeo-Babylonian empire, and in all probability bound by treaty to assist him, Josiah, in the discharge of his duty to his liege-superior, refused a passage through his dominions to Pharaoh-Necho, king of Egypt, who was marching into Assyria. The two armies met at Megiddo, where Josiah, entering into the battle in disguise, was mortally wounded by an arrow: he died at Jerusalem, deeply regretted by all his subjects. Jeremiah composed Lamentations in his honour. (2 Kings xxii. xxiii. 2 Chron. xxxiv.) JOTHAM, the eleventh king of Judah, exercised the regal authority during the leprosy which terminated the life of his father Uzziah, whom he succeeded on the throne. He is recorded to have done that which was right in the sight of God, and to have imitated his father's piety. "He became mighty because he prepared his ways before the LORD his God.” (2 Chron. xxvi. 6.) He discomfited the Ammonites, and for three years received of them a rich tribute in silver, barley, and corn, which his father had imposed; but which that people had refused to pay. Magnificent erections distinguished his reign. The principal gate of the temple was enlarged and embellished; the hill of Ophel received new fortifications; and various buildings, both for babitation and defence, were erected in the mountains of Judah. After a reign of sixteen years he died, much regretted by his people, and was interred in the sepulchres of the kings, B. C. 742. JUBAL, the son of Lamech and Adah: he was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ. (Gen. iv. 21.) In other terms, he was the inventor of musical JU instruments. By comparing his discoveries with those of Jabal, the institutor of the nomadic life, and of Tubal-Cain, the instructor of every artificer in brass and iron, we may perceive how soon the agreeable followed the useful arts. JUBILEE, Feast of, how celebrated, 348. Was a proof of the divine legation of Moses, 349. Reason and design of the law concerning the Jubilee, 349, 350. JUDAH: J. JUDAH, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, gave his name to the most numerous of the tribes of Israel; for the limits of the canton assigned to which, see p. 12. At the time of the revolution under Rehoboam and Jeroboam, this tribe also gave its name to that part of the kingdom of Israel which continued faithful to the house of David. 2. DESERT OF JUDAH, account of, 72. 3. KINGDOM OF JUDAH, 14. Causes of its duration for a longer time than the kingdom of Israel, 117-120. 4. LAND OF JUDAH, notice of, 3. JU 3. JUDAS, surnamed the Galilean in Acts v. 37. and also by Josephus (Ant. Jud. lib. xviii. c. 1. § 6. xx. c. 5. § 2. Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. 8. § 1.), who further calls, him a Gaulonite (Ant. Jud. lib. xviii. c. 1. 1.), was born at Gamala, a city of Lower Gaulonitis, near the south-eastern shore of the lake of Tiberias. In company with one Sadok or Sadducus, he attempted to excite a sedition among the Jews, but was destroyed by Quirinus, at that time governor of Syria and Judæa. 4. JUDAS or JUDE, one of the apostles, also called Lebbeus and Thaddeus, the son of Alpheus and Mary, own brother of James the Less and cousin of our Lord. He was author of the epistle which bears his name. 5. JUDAS MACCABEUS, son of Mattathias, whom he succeeded in the office of captain of the Jews, during the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes. (1 Macc. iii. 1.) After performing many heroic and glorious actions, he at length fell nobly in the field of battle, in an engagement with the Syrian 5. MOUNTAINS OF JUDAH, notice of, 60. army under the command of Bacchides, JUDEA, Country of, 16. JUDAS: the general of Demetrius, the successor of JUDICATURE (Jewish), courts of, and proceedings therein, 131–142. Judicature (Roman), account of, 142 JULIA, a female Christian at Rome, who is supposed to have been the wife of Philologus. (Rom. xvi. 15.) It is not improbable that she was a freed-woman of the family of the Cæsars. 1. JUDAS, surnamed Iscariot (Heb. N , ISH KARIOTH), that is, a man of Karioth or Carioth, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. He seems to have possessed the full confidence of his fellow-apostles, by whom he was entrusted with all the presents which were made to them, and with all their means of subsistence: and,—144. when the twelve were sent out to preach and to work miracles, Judas appears to have been among them, and to have received the same powers. He was accustomed, however, even at that time, to appropriate part of the common stock to his own use (John xii. 6.), and at length sealed his infamy by betraying his Lord for money to the Jews. Judas perished miserably, being driven by remorse to hang himself; but the cord broke, and he fell (probably from some elevated place) with such violence as to rupture the abdomen, and dash out his intestines upon the ground. (Matt. xxvii. 5. Acts i. 18.) 2. JUDAS, a Christian teacher, also called Barsabas, who was sent from Jerusalem to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas. Judas and Silas are termed prophets as well as Agabus which title is given them in a two-fold sense, as zealous preachers of the Gospel, and as ministers of God, who were divinely inspired, according to the exigencies of the church, to predict future events: (Acts xv. 22. 27. 32.) VOL. III. JULIUS, a centurion of the Augustan cohort, who conducted Paul to Rome, and treated the apostle with great courtesy and humanity. (Acts xxvii.) JUNIAS or JUNIA, a Jewish Christion, who is supposed to have been the wife of Andronicus. (Rom. xvi. 7.) JUPITER, the supreme god of the ancient Greeks and Romans. He had a temple in the suburbs of LYSTRA (which see). JUSTICE, seat of, 131. Summary justice, when clamorously demanded, 140. JUSTUS: 1. The surname of Joseph-Barsabas, who was one of those nominated to be an apostle. (Acts i. 23.) See BARSABAS. 2. A Christian at Corinth, who hospitably received St. Paul. (Acts xviii. 7.) 3. JUSTUS, also called JESUS, appears to have been known to the Jews by the Y Y JY former name, and to the Romans by the latter. He was a Jew by descent, and the friend and coadjutor of St. Paul. (Col. iv. 11.) JYAR, the eighth month of the civil year of the Jews; and the second of their ecclesiastical year. For a notice of the festivals, &c. occurring in this month, see p. 198. KADESH, OF KADESH-BARNEA, a city celebrated for several events. It belonged to the tribe of Judah. Here Miriam, the sister of Moses, died (Numb. xx. 1.), and the Israelites murmured against God. (xxvii. 14.) In the fourth century, the pretended sepulchre of Miriam was shown. Prof. Robinson has ascertained the site of this station to be at the place now called El-Weibeh, where there is a fountain in all respects corresponding to that which in the Old Testament is called En-Mishpat. (Bib. Res. vol. ii. pp. 582-584.) KADMONITES, ancient inhabitants of the land of Canaan, who dwelt beyond the Jordan, to the east of Phoenicia, about Mount Lebanon. (Gen. xv. 19.) They derived their name from their eastern situation. KANAH, Brook of, 43. Town, see CANA. KARIOTH OF KERIOTH, a town belonging to the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 25.) Also, a town belonging to the tribe of Benjamin. (Josh. xviii. 28.) Of one or other of these places the traitor Judas was a native. See JUDAS, 1. KEDAR, a tribe of Arabian nomades, descended from Kedar, the son of Ishmael. (Gen. xxv. 13.) They were rich in flocks of rams, lambs, and goats, in which they traded with the Tyrians. (Ezek. xxvii. 21. Jer. xlix. 29.): and they were also celebrated for their skill in the use of the bow. (Isa. xxi. 17.) The manners and habits of the Turcomans, a nomadic tribe who infest the inland portions of Asia Minor, are precisely those of the wandering hordes of Kedar, as described in the books of the Old Testament; and their black tents would fully suit the simile of Solomon (Song i. 5.), while their pastoral traffic is in every respect that adverted to in Ezek. (xxvii. 21.), in his denunciations of destruction against Tyre. (Emerson's Letters from the Ægean, vol. i. p. 192.) KEDESH: 1. KEDESH-NAPHTALI, a city in the tribe of Naphtali, one of the Levitical ΚΙ cities, and afterwards one of the cities of refuge. (Josh. xix. 37. xx. 7. Judg. iv. 6.) It was situated in Upper Galilee, and was anciently a place of considerable note. Its site is occupied by a village called Kedes, and displays a good many ancient remains, such as hewn stones, fragments of columns, and sarcophagi. (Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. vi. pp. 374, 375. Van de Velde's Narrative, vol. ii. p. 417. Geographical Society's Journal, vol. xxiv. p. 23.) 2. A city in the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 23.) KEDRON, KIDRON OF CEDRON, Brook, account of, 44. KENITES, a Canaanitish people, who, according to 1 Sam. xv. 6., compared with Numb. xxiv. 20, 21., dwelt among the Amalekites. According to Judg. i. 16. iv. 11., they appear to have been descended from Hobab, the brother-in-law of Moses. KENIZZITES, an ancient Canaanitish people, who may have been descended from Kenaz, a grandson of Esau. Their place of residence cannot now be determined. (Gen. xv. 19. Numb. xxxii. 12.) KETURAH, the second wife of Abraham, who married her after the death of Sarah ; she bore him six sons. (Gen. xxv.) KINGS, person of, sacred, 103. Laws concerning them and their powers, 99— 101. Inauguration, 102. Their distinctions, 103, 104. Scriptural allusions_to their courts explained, 105-109. Revenues, 109. Their magistrates and officers, 110-112. Influence of the king's friend, 112. Tombs of the kings, 565. and note 3. KINGDOMS of Israel and Judah, 114. Latent causes of the schism between, 115, 116. Causes of the longer duration of the kingdom of Judah, 117-120. KIR (or Cyrus), a country through which flows the river Kur, as it is called by the Russians, or Kier, as it is called by the Persians, the Kuros (Cyrus) of the Greeks; whither Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, sent the principal inhabitants of Syria, whom he had taken captive. (2 Kings xvi. 9.) This river unites its waters to the Aras or Araxes, and empties itself into the Caspian Sea, under the 39th degree of north latitude. A people of foreign aspect, called Usbecks, dwell there to this time, who (Prof. Jahn thinks) may be the descendants of these captives. (Hist. of Heb. Commonwealth, vol. i. p. 140.) KIR OF MOAB See RABBATH-AMMON, 2. ΚΙ KIRJATH-AIM, or the Double City. 1. The proper name of a city in the tribe of Reuben. (Numb. xxxii. 37. Josh. xiii. 19.) It was afterwards possessed by the Moabites. (Jer. xlviii. 1. 3. Ezek. xxv. 9.) 2. A city in the canton of the tribe of Naphtali. (1 Chron. vi. 61.) KIRJATH-ARBA, or the City of Arba: an ancient name of HEBRON, which see in p. 676. KIRJATH-HUZOTH, or the City of Streets, a royal city of Balak king of Moab. (Numb. xxii. 39.) KIRJATH-JEARIM (the City of Forests), or BAALAH (Josh. xv. 9.), also called KIRJATH-BAAL (xv. 60.), and simply KIRJATH (Xviii. 38.), was a town situated on the confines of the allotments to the tribes of Benjamin and Judah. Hence it is reckoned among the cities of both tribes. (Josh. xv. 60. xviii. 28.) But in Judges xviii. 12., it is called Kirjath-jearim in Judah. Here the ark of the covenant remained twenty years after its removal from Beth-shemesh (1 Sam. i. 2.) until David, having obtained possession of Jerusalem, fixed the sanctuary in that city. (1 Sam. vi. 21. 1 Chron. xiii. 6.) Urijah the prophet was a native of this place. It is now a beautiful village, by the Arabs called Karyet el-Enáb, Karieh, or Kurieh; and is embosomed among olives, pomegranates, and fig-trees. (Scottish Mission to the Jews, p. 122. Robinson's Bib. Res. vol. ii. pp. 334-336.) KIRJATH-SANNAH, or the City of the Law, was a city in the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 49.) KIRJATH-SEPHER, or the City of Writing, otherwise called DEBIR; a city in the tribe of Judah, which was captured from the Canaanites by Othniel. (Josh. xv. 15, 16. Judg. 1. 10-13.) Concerning the import of its name there is a difference of opinion; some supposing it to have been a seat of learning, while others, from Debir, signifying an oracle, imagine that it was a seminary for the education of priests. KISH, the son of Abdiel, who was also called Ner, and the father of Saul, of an obscure family in the tribe of Benjamin, was both a shepherd and a warrior, conformably to the custom of those ancient times. The Scripture eulogises his valour. He sent his son in pursuit of some lost asses, and he returned to his father the first king of Israel. (1 Chron. viii. 30. ix. 39. 1 Sam. xiv. 51. ix. 1. and x. 2.) KISHON, Brook, notice of, 43. LA KNEADING-TROUGHS of the Jews, 424. KNIGHTHOOD, an order of, instituted by David, 244, 245. KоHATH, the son of Levi. (Gen. xlvi. 11.) He was the head of the Kohathites, who were appointed to carry the ark and sacred vessels of the tabernacle, dur ing the marches of the Israelites. (Numb iv. 1-15.) KORAH, the son of Izhar, and grandson of Levi, who conspired against Moses. (Exod. vi. 21. Numb. xvi.) From him were descended the sons of Korah, a Levitical family of singers, whom David appointed to guard the doors of the temple. (1 Chron. ix. 19.) KORBAN, nature of the vow of, 322. LABAN, the son of Bethuel, grandson of Nahor, brother to Rebekah, and father of Rachel and Leah. (Gen. xxviii.) Also, the name of a place beyond the Jordan, in the plains of Moab; it is otherwise unknown. (Deut. i. 1.) LACHISH, the residence of a Canaanitish king, was situated towards the south of Jerusalem. Joshua conquered it, and gave it to the tribe of Judah. (Josh. x. 3. 31. xv. 39.) It was subsequently fortified by Rehoboam against the Philistines (2 Chron. xi. 9.); and was besieged by Sennacherib, king of Assyria, in his campaign against Hezekiah king of Judah. (2 Kings xviii. 14. Isa. xxxvi. 2. xxxvii. 8.) Mr. Layard discovered some sculptures at Mosul, which throw great light on the Scripture History; and exhibit the actual picture of the taking of Lachish. (Discoveries in Nineveh, pp. 149. 152.) This city was finally captured by Nebuchadnezzar in his war of extermination against the kingdom of Judah. (Jer. xxxiv. 7.) LAKES in the Holy Land, account of, 44. LAMB, Paschal, ceremonies of offering, &c., 333-342. LAMENTATIONS for the dead, account of, 561-563. LAMPS, notice of, 426. LANCE of the Hebrews, 233. LAND of Canaan, 2. Of Israel, 2. Of Jehovah, 3. Of Promise, 2. Of Judah, 3. Holy Land, 2, 3. The Jewish mode of cultivating land, described, 490–498. LAND SURVEYING, known to the Jews, 524. LAODICEA, the chief city of Phrygia |