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Pacatiana in Asia Minor, about 42 miles to the south of Ephesus, and in the vicinity of Colossæ and Hierapolis. Its earlier name was Diospolis or Cæsarea, but after being enlarged by Antiochus II. it was called Laodicea in honour of his wife Laodice. This city was often damaged by earthquakes, and restored either by the opulence of its inhabitants, or by the munificence of the Roman emperors. From the researches of modern travellers, it appears to have been seated on a volcanic hill, of moderate height, but of considerable extent. Its ruins attest that it was large, opulent, and splendid; and there are still to be seen the remains of an amphitheatre, an aqueduct, and many other buildings. In the primitive times of Christianity, as appears from St. Paul's Epistle to the Colossians, in which the Laodiceans are frequently mentioned, this place possessed a flourishing church. But the doom of Laodicea seems to have been more severe and terrible than that of the other six apocalyptic churches: and its present condition is in striking conformity with the rebukes and threatenings of God. Not a single Christian resides at Laodicea! It is even more solitary than Ephesus: the latter has a prospect of a rolling sea, or a whitening sail, to enliven its decay; the former sits in widowed loneliness. Its temples are desolate; the stately edifices of ancient Laodicea are now peopled with wolves and jackals. The prayers of the mosque are the only prayers heard near the still splendid ruins of the city, on which the prophetic denunciation seems to have been fully executed, in its utter rejection as a church. "Its crime was pride; its punishment, desolation. The threatening is accomplished: it now stands, rejected of God and deserted by men; its glory, a ruin; its name, a reproach." (Hartley's Visit to the Apocalyptic Churches, in 1826. Mission. Register, July, 1827, p. 296. Arundell's Visit to the Seven Churches, pp. 84-90. Emerson's Letters from the Ægean, vol. i. pp. 180. 219. Monro's Summer Rambles in Syria, vol. i. pp. 128, 129. Elliott's Travels in Austria, Russia, and Turkey, vol. ii. p. 97. Fellowes's Excursion in Asia Minor, pp. 280 -282. Scottish Mission to the Jews, p. 338.)

LASEA, a maritime city of Crete (Acts xxvii. 8.), which is not mentioned by any of the ancient geographers. Its exact site cannot now be ascertained.

LAW and the Prophets, tables of the sections of, as read in the Jewish syna

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gogues, 281, 282. The Mosaic law perverted by the Pharisees, 393, 394. LAWS, how promulgated, 113, 114. LAWYERS (Jewish), account of, 400. LAZARUS:

1. The brother of Martha and Mary, whom Jesus loved, and miraculously raised him from the dead. For an examination of the circumstances of this miracle, see Vol. I. pp. 237-239.

2. The name of a person introduced by Jesus into a very instructive narrative or parable, to represent the poor and distressed in this world. (Luke xvi. 19— 25.)

LEAH, the daughter of Laban, and the wife of Jacob, on whom her father imposed her in lieu of Rachel. (Gen. xxix.)

LEARNED MEN, different appellations of,

518.

LEBANON (Mount), account of, 54— 57.

LEBREUS, a proper name of the apostle JUDE, who was also called Thaddeus. (Matt. x. 3.)

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS of the Jews, account of, 136-141; and of the Romans, 142-151.

LEGIONS (Roman), notice of, 245, 246. LEPROSY (Disease of.) Symptoms and treatment of, 548-552. Purification of lepers, 362. Leprosy of clothes and houses, 362, 363.

LETTERS or Epistles, form of, 511.
LEVI:-

1. The third son of Jacob and Leah. (Gen. xxix. 34.) He is known only as having participated in the revenge of Simeon against the Shechemites, for the violation of Dinah (xxxiv. 25.), and for having given his name to the tribe that was set apart for the priesthood and worship of God.

2. One of the twelve apostles, also called MATTHEW. See p. 696. infrà. LEVIES, Military, how raised, 219, 220.

LEVITES, functions, &c. of, 298-301. LIBERTINES, account of, 276, 277. 294. LIBNAH, the residence of one of the Canaanitish kings, was captured by Joshua. It was situated in the plains of Judah, in the western division of the territory; but its site is unknown. Libnah was a sacerdotal city, and also one of the cities of refuge. Under Joram it revolted from Judah, probably from the attachment of its inhabitants to the faith of their fathers. (2 Kings viii. 22. 2 Chron. xxi. 10.) Subsequently it was besieged by Sennacherib; but it is not known whether he

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succeeded in obtaining possession of it. (2 Kings xix. 8. Isa. xxxvii. 8.) LIBYA, among the Greeks, was used as another name for Africa, as it imports a part of it. It was divided into Libya Interior and Exterior: but the Libya mentioned by St. Luke (Acts ii. 10.) is that by Ptolemy called Libya Cyrenaica: and by Pliny, Pentapolitana Regio, from its five chief cities, viz. Berenice, Arsinöe, Ptolemais, Apollonia, and Cyrene. It is noted in the Old Testament, for its chariots and horses used in fight. (2 Chron. xvi. 8.) But it is mentioned by St. Luke, on account of the Jews, who, living in such vast numbers in Alexandria, that 50,000 of them were slain at one time, may well be thought to have had some colonies and proselytes in this neighbouring country. LIFE-GUARDS of the kings of Israel, 112. LILIES, notice of, 78. and note 1.

LINUS, a disciple whose salutations Saint Paul addresses to Timothy. (2 Tim. iv. 21.) He is supposed to have been the first bishop of Rome.

LITERATURE of the Jews, 517.
Λιθόστρωτον, 25.

LIVER, divination by the inspection of,

389.

LOCUSTS, natural history of, and of their devastations, 89-91. Were eaten by the inhabitants of Palestine, 91.

Lois, a Christian matron and the grandmother of Timothy, of whose faith the apostle speaks with great commendation. (2 Tim. i. 5.)

LOOKING-GLASSES of the Jewish women, 435, 436.

LORD'S SUPPER, points of resemblance between, and the Passover, 337-342.

LOT, the son of Haran and nephew of Abraham; after separating from whom, on account of the increase of their cattle, he chose the city of Sodom for his abode. On its destruction, Lot and his two daughters escaped with their lives; but his wife, looking back, perished. (Gen. xix. Luke xvii. 28.) The Moabites and Ammonites descended from Lot.

LOTS, when used judicially, 138. No. tice of the Feast of Lots, 346.

LUBIM are supposed to be the Lybians, an African tribe dwelling to the west of Egypt, and descended from Mizraim. The Lubim were part of the invading army of Shishak from Egypt, against Rehoboam ; and again of Zerah, the Ethiopian, against Asa king of Judah. The Lubim were a powerful tribe in the days of Nahum and of Daniel. (2 Chron. xii. 3. xvi. 8. xiv. 9. Nahum iii. 9. Dan. xi.

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42.) Lybians from the neighbourhood of Cyrene were also at Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost. (Acts ii. 10.)

LUCIUS, a Cyrenian, one of the prophets or teachers of the Christian church at Antioch. (Acts xiii. 1. Rom. xvi. 21.) By some he has been erroneously confounded with the evangelist LUKE.

LUD, the fourth son of Shem, whose descendants peopled the province of LyDIA. (Gen. x. 22.)

LUDIM, the Lydians of Mauritania in Africa, who were expert as archers. They were hired by the Tyrians to defend them. (Dr. Henderson, on Ezek. xxvii. 10.)

LUKE (Aovкaç, contracted from the Latin Lucanus), was a Gentile proselyte who had embraced Christianity. He was the friend and companion of St. Paul in most of his journies, and wrote the Gospel that bears his name and also the Acts of the Apostles; for analyses of which see the fourth volume of this work.

LUTE, form of, 515.

LYCANTHROPY, the malady of Nebuchadnezzar, 553.

LYCAONIA (Acts xiv. 6.), a province in Asia Minor, accounted the southern part of Cappadocia, having Isauria on the west, Armenia Minor on the east, and Cilicia on the south. The country, in general, is mountainous, particularly in the interior. Its chief cities are all mentioned in Acts xvi., viz. Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe. They spake (ver. 11.) in the Lycaonian tongue, which is generally understood to have been a corrupt Greek, intermingled with many Syriac words: but Jablonski supposes it to have been derived from the ancient Assyrian tongue. Why they were disposed to worship Paul and Barnabas, 381, 382.

LYCIA (Acts xxvii. 5.), a province in the south-west of Asia Minor, opposite to the island of Rhodes. Two of its cities are mentioned in the New Testament, viz. PATARA, its capital, and MYRA.

LYDDA, which in later times was called Diospolis, and is now known by the name of Ludd or Loudd, was a large village, and, according to Josephus, little inferior to a city for its size. This place is celebrated in the Acts of the Apostles for the miraculous cure of Eneas by the Apostle Peter (Acts ix. 32. 34): it was situated at no great distance from Joppa (ix. 38.), on the way from the latter place to Jerusalem. The soil of the surrounding country is said to be very rich. Modern Lydda is a considerable village of small mudencased hovels or houses, standing on a

1. A province in Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Mysia, on the east by the greater Phrygia, on the west by Ionia and the Ægean Sea, and on the south by Caria, from which it is separated by the river Meander. It is supposed to be the country mentioned in Gen. x. 22. under the name of Lud. Three towns of Lydia are mentioned in the New Testament, viz. Philadelphia, Sardis, and Thyatira.

2. A woman of Thyatira, who traded in purple cloths, for which that place was celebrated. She was a Jewish proselyte, of a sincere and pious character, and prompt in acknowledging and professing the truth. She was converted to the Christian faith in consequence of the preaching of St. Paul. (Acts xvi. 14. 40.) Coquerel and others suppose that Lydia, in this place, is merely a patronymic appellation, that is, a Lydian woman; — most probably from the circumstance of Thyatira being situated on the confines of Lydia, a province on the western coast of Asia Minor.

LYSANIAS, tetrarch or governor of ABILENE, a small province in Lebanon. (Luke iii. 1.) He is supposed to have been the son or grand-son of another Lysanias, who was put to death by Marc Antony, who gave part of his territories to Cleopatra.

LYSIAS (Claudius). See CLAUDIUS, 2. p. 646. suprà.

LYSTRA, a city of Lycaonia, chiefly celebrated for the miraculous cure there wrought upon the lame man, which made the Lycaonians think the gods were come down to them in the likeness of men (Acts xiv. 10, 11.), and also for the circumcision of Timothy. (xvi. 1.)

MAACAH or MAACHAH. See ABELBETH-MAACHAH, p. 609. suprà. MACCABEES, government of, 122. Origin of their name, 122. note, 205.

MACEDONIA, a province of Greece, formerly called mathia; and from the kings of Macedon, Macedonia. It was bounded on the north by the mountains of Hæmus, on the south by Epirus and

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Achaia, on the east by the Ægean, on the west by the Ionian and Adriatic Seas; and it is celebrated in all histories for being the third kingdom, which, under Alexander the Great, obtained the empire of the world, and had under it 150 nations. To this country, whose metropolis was then Thessalonica, St. Paul was called by a vision (Acts xvi. 9.); and the churches by him planted in it are celebrated for their great charity, and ready contribution to the distressed Jews in Judæa (2 Cor. viii. ix.), when they themselves lay under the extremest poverty.

MACHERUS, a city and fortress east of the Jordan, between six and nine miles from that river, and not far from its mouth. Here John the Baptist was imprisoned, and subsequently put to death by order of Herod Antipas. (Matt. ix. 2. xiv. 3-12.) This place is not mentioned by name in the New Testament.

MACHPELAH, the name of the cave purchased by Abraham of Ephron the Hittite, for a burial-place for his wife Sarah. (Gen. xxxiii. 8.) This cave has been covered by the Turks, "by a large and ancient mosque; and all around the soil is held inviolable. The cave is in the middle of the interior of the edifice; its dark and deep entrance only is visible, and it is rarely entered. . . . . The cave is said by the Turks to be deep and very spacious, cut out of the solid rock, and that the resting-places of the patriarchs still exist, and are plainly to be discerned." (Carne's Recollections of the East, pp. 158, 159. Scottish Mission to the Jews, p. 180. Wilson's Lands of the Bible, vol. i. p. 366.)

MADAI. See MEDIA, p. 696. infrà.

MAGDALA, a city and territory on the western side of the lake of Gennesaret, not far from Capernaum and Gamala; it is supposed to have contained within its precincts Dalmanutha; hence, while Matthew says (xv. 39.), Christ came into the coasts of Magdala, St. Mark says more particularly (viii. 10.), that he came into the parts of Dalmanutha. Here is a miserable village now called Majdel, and the inhabitants are as wretched as their claybuilt hovels. (Fisk's Pastor's Recollections, &c., p. 361. Wilson's Lands of the Bible, vol. ii. p. 136. Ritches' Azûbah, p. 85.)

MAGI, an appellation given among the Persians to priests, wise men, philosophers, and others who devoted themselves to the study of the moral and physical sciences, and who particularly cultivated astrology and medicine. They enjoyed the highest consideration. The wise men from the east, who came to worship the infant

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Messiah, were philosophers of this description; according to some, they came from Persia, or, in the opinion of others, from Arabia, as the precious gums which they offered were the productions of Arabia.

MAGIC, prevalence of, 390.

MAGISTRATES, persons of, sacred, 103. Crimes against them, how punished among the Jews, 157.

MAGOG. See GoG, p. 673.

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MAHANAIM, a city beyond the Jordan in the tribe of Gad, near the tribe of Manasseh it was assigned to the Levites. (Josh. xiii. 26. 30. xxi. 38.) Here two hosts or camps of angels, met Jacob (Gen. xxxii. 2.), whence the name is derived.

MAJESTY, chief distinctions of, among the Jews, 103, 104.

MAKTESH, the name of a valley near Jerusalem, mentioned in Zeph. i. 11. Probably it was so called from its resemblance to a mortar; and was the same which Josephus afterwards called the Tyropoon, or Cheesemaker's Valley.

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MALACHI, the last of the twelve minor prophets, of whose personal history no more is known, than that he was contemporary with Nehemiah. (See Vol. II. pp. 984986.) In his predictions "both priests and people are unsparingly reprimanded and while they are threatened with divine judgments, encouragement is held out to such as walked in the fear of the Lord." (Dr. Henderson's Minor Prophets, p. 446.) MALCHUS, a servant of Caiaphas the high priest, whose name St. John has very naturally preserved, since he was quainted with Caiaphas. Malchus was one of the company that was commanded to seize Christ in the garden of Gethsemane: Peter cut off his right ear, which was instantly restored, and the wound healed by the omnipotent touch of Jesus, who thus conferred upon him a signal benefit at a most critical time. The miraculous healing of Malchus presents a union of justice, power, and goodness; and could not fail to convince the apostles of the truth of our Lord's declaration, that no man could take his life from him, and that he could lay it down and resume it again. (John x. 17.) It has indeed been asked how such a miracle made so little impression upon the company which Judas conducted. The reply is easy. The whole transaction took place in an instant. Peter struck Malchus with a sword. Jesus stood still, with one hand stopped the apostle, and with the other healed the servant, while those who were present, in the middle of the night and by the pale

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light of torches, scarcely had time to perceive what was passing.

MALICE, crimes of, how punished, 163,

164.

MALTA. See MELITA, p. 697. infrà. MAMRE, Valley of, notice of, 62, 63. MANAEN, the name of a person who was educated with Herod Agrippa I. (Acts xiii. 1.) Perhaps he was the son of that Manaem (Mavanpoc) mentioned by Josephus, who predicted the future greatness of Herod. (Ant. Jud. lib. xv. c. 10. § 5.) MANASSEH :

1. The eldest son of Joseph; who, being adopted by his grandfather, inherited equally with the sons of Jacob. (Gen. xlviii.) For the limits of the territory allotted to the tribe of Manasseh, see pp. 12, 13.

2. MANASSEH, the fourteenth king of Judah, succeeded his father Hezekiah, at the early age of twelve years. In the early part of his reign, most probably misled by the profligate counsels of those who detested the reformation introduced by the pious Hezekiah, Manasseh was a most wicked and idolatrous prince; and for his various crimes was carried captive into Babylon, about the twenty-second year of his reign. But, upon his penitent confession of his sins, he was delivered out of captivity and restored to his country (it has been conjectured after about a year's absence), perhaps in consequence of some revolution in the Assyrian empire. The remainder of his life and reign was as exemplary as its commencement had been inauspicious and profligate. The worship of God was restored; the fortifications of Jerusalem were repaired and strengthened; and military officers were placed in all the fenced cities of Judah. (2 Chron. xxxiii.)

MAN-SLAUGHTER, punishment of, 158. MAN-STEALING, punishment of, 160., condemned in the New Testament, 456. note 2.

MANURES of the Jews, notice of, 491493.

MARAH, a place in the desert of Arabia, so called from the bitterness of its waters. When the Israelites came out of Egypt, on their arrival in the wilderness of Etham, they found the water so bitter that neither themselves nor their cattle could drink it; on which account they gave the name of Marah or bitterness to this encampment. (Exod. xv. 23. Numb. xxxiii. 8.) Most travellers attest that there are several bitter fountains not far from the Red Sea; and Dr. Shaw fixes these waters near Corondel, a place where there is a small

MA rill, which, unless it be diluted by dews and rain, still continues to be brackish. (Travels, vol. i. p. 104.) Dr. Wilson describes the Ain Hawárah, the " well of destruction," as occupying a small basin about five feet in diameter, and eighteen inches deep. It retains its ancient character, and has a bad name among the Arabs, who seldom allow their camels to partake of it. (Lands of the Bible, vol. ii. pp. 170, 171.)

MARCHESVAN, the second month of the Jewish civil year, festivals in, 195, 196.

MARESHA, a fenced city in the plain of the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 44.) Jerome and Eusebius call it Morasthi. The prophet Micah was a native of this city, near which was fought the memorable battle between Zerah king of Cush or Ethiopia, and Asa king of Judah, who obtained a most signal victory. (2 Chron. xiv. 8-10.)

MARK, or John-Mark, the author of the second Gospel (for an account and ana. lysis of which see the Fourth Volume of this work), was the nephew of Barnabas, and also the companion of Paul and Barnabas in their journey through Greece. (Acts xiii. 5. Col. iv. 11.), and subsequently of Barnabas alone. (Acts xv. 37. 39.) He afterwards accompanied Peter. (1 Pet. v. 13.) As he was the son of that Mary, at whose house in Jerusalem the apostles were accustomed to meet, it has been conjectured, with great probability, that he was particularly instructed in the doctrines of the Gospel by Peter, who therefore terms him his son. (1 Tim. v. 13. compared with 1 Tim. i. 2. and 2 Tim i. 2.)

MARRIAGES of the Jews, ceremonies of 439-448. How dissolved, 448, 449.

MARTHA, the sister of that Lazarus who was raised from the dead by Jesus Christ. (Luke x. 38. 40, 41. John xi. 1, &c. vii. 2.) | MARY, the name of several women mentioned in the New Testament; viz.

1. The Virgin-mother of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ: she was of the tribe of Judah, and of the royal house of David, as also was her husband Joseph. After the crucifixion of Christ, who had commended her to the filial care of John, she found an asylum in the house of the beloved apostle and when the disciples and apostles were met together in an upper room, she united with them in prayer. (John xix. 25. 27. Acts i. 15.) The time, place, and circumstances of her death are uncertain.

2. A woman of Magdala is supposed to be the same, out of whom Christ expelled seven demons. (Luke vii. 36, 37.) She was one

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of those who followed him and contributed to his maintenance.

3. One of the sisters of Lazarus. (Luke x. 39-42. John xi. 1., &c.)

4. The mother of James the Less and of Joses: she was sister to the mother of Jesus, and was the wife of Alpheus or Clopas. (Matt. xxvii. 56. 61. xxviii. 1. Mark xv. 40. 47. xvi. 1. John xix. 25.)

5. The mother of the evangelist Mark, at whose house the Christians in Jerusalem were wont to convene. (Acts xi. 12.)

6. Mary, an unknown disciple resident at Rome, to whom St. Paul sent his salutation, with this eulogy she bestowed much labour on us (Rom. xvi. 6.), or, on YOU, according to the Alexandrian and other MSS., and the Syriac, Ethiopic, Coptic, and Arabic versions. It is, therefore, uncertain whether the apostle here speaks of services actually rendered to himself, or to the believers at Rome.

MATTHEW, also called LEVI, the son of Alpheus, was a collector of the imposts when our Saviour called him to follow him and be an apostle. He wrote the first Gospel, for an account of which see the Fourth Volume of this work.

MARKETS, where held, 426.

MATTHIAS, one of the disciples who was chosen by lot to fill up the vacancy occasioned by the death of the traitorous apostle Judas Iscariot. (Acts i. 23. 26.) Of his subsequent labours and history, nothing certain is known.

MEASURES of the Jews and other nations mentioned in the Bible, tables of, 573, 574. MEAT-OFFERINGS, notice of, 320. MECHANIC ARTS of the Jews, 524. MEDEBA, a city in the tribe of Reuben, situated in a plain of the same name. (Numb. xxi. 30. Josh. xiii. 9. 16.) According to Eusebius, it was not far from Heshbon. Here Joab gained a memorable victory over the Ammonites and Syrians. (1 Chron. xix. 7-14.) According to Isa. xv. 2. it afterwards belonged to Moab. It is now called Mâdebah.

MEDIA (Acts ii. 9.) was a vast region of Asia, having on the north the Caspian Sea, on the west Armenia and Assyria, on the south Persia, on the east Hyrcania and Parthia. It had its name from MADAI the son of Japhet, mentioned in Gen. x. 2. In the Babylonian captivity, the Jews were carried captive into Assyria, and placed in the cities of the Medes. (2 Kings xvii 6. and xviii. 11.) "The geographical position of Media was wisely chosen for the distribution of the great body of the captives: for, 1. It was so remote, and so impeded