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nifies a stone (John i. 43.), probably in reference to the boldness and firmness of his character, and his zeal and activity in promoting his Master's cause. See a further account of Peter and an analysis of the two epistles which bear his name, in the fourth volume of this work.

PHARAOH, a common appellation of the ancient kings of Egypt, who after the age of Alexander were in like manner termed Ptolemy. Jablonski states, that PHOURO, in the common Egyptian dialect, and PHARRO, in the very ancient dialect, spoken in the Thebaid, respectively denote a king. (Opuscula, tom. i. p. 376.) In Hebrew this name is written ny (PHRAH): and Sir Gardiner Wilkinson derives it from the ancient Egyptian word PHRE (pronounced PHRA), signifying the sun. (Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, vol. i. p. 43.) By the Greeks it was rendered Papaw. For a notice of the principal sovereigns of this name, who are mentioned in the Old Testament, see EGYPT, pp. 654 659. suprà.

PHARISEES, tenets of the sect of, 391.396. PHARPAR, river. See ABANA, p. 609. PHENICE. See PHOENICE, and PHŒNIX, pp. 713. infrà.

PHILADELPHIA, a city of Asia Minor, derived its name from its founder, Attalus Philadelphus, and is situated about twentyseven miles to the south-east of Sardis, in a fertile plain, which at present is but little cultivated. Not long before the date of the Apocalyptic Epistle in Rev. iii. 7-22., this city had suffered so much from earthquakes, that it had been in a great measure deserted by its inhabitants; which may in some degree account for the poverty of this church as described in this epistle. And its poverty may also in some degree account for its virtue, which is so highly commended. 66 Philadelphia appears to have resisted the attacks of the Turks in 1312 with more success than the other cities. At a distance from the sea, forgotten by the emperor, encompassed on all sides by the Turks, her valiant citizens defended their religion and freedom about fourscore years, and at length capitulated with the proudest of the Ottomans (Bajazet) in 1390. Among the Greek colonies and churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect a column in a scene of ruins." (Gibbon's Decline and Fall, vol. xi. p. 438. 8vo. edit.) Whatever may be lost of the spirit of Christianity, there is still the form of a Christian church in this city; which is now called Allah-Shehr, or the city of God, and is a considerable town, spreading

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over the slopes of three or four hills. It contains about 1000 Christians, chiefly Greeks, most of whom speak only the Turkish language. They have twenty-five places of public worship, five of which are large and regular churches, with a resident bishop and inferior clergy; in these five churches divine service is performed once every week; in the larger number it is celebrated only once in the course of the year. Only one Christian ruin can be recognised with any degree of certainty. It is called the church of Saint John, and was doubtless one of the earliest Christian churches in Philadelphia: part of a wall, supposed to be that of a choir, and four of the principal pillars are yet standing. The Greek Christians here are peculiarly hospitable, as if brotherly love (λaðiλ÷éíà) were the characteristic of the place in reality as well as in name. The remains of heathen antiquity here are not numerous. In 1838, when this place was visited by Mr. Fellowes, "its walls were still standing, inclosing several hills upon the sides of which stood the town, but they are fallen into ruins: they are built of unhewn stone, massed and cemented together with fragments of old buildings." (Hartley's Visit to the Apocalyptic Churches, in Missionary Register, July 4, 1827, pp. 324–326. 167-174. Elliot's Travels in Austria, Russia, and Turkey, vol. ii. pp. 89–91. Fellowes's Excursion in Asia Minor, p. 288. Scottish Mission to the Jews, pp. 337, 338.)

Arundell's Visit, pp.

He

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by his father, he lived a private life. (Matt. xiv. 3. Mark vi. 7. Luke iii. 19.) As Josephus calls this prince Herod, and the evangelist Philip, it is not improbable, that, after the custom of the Herodian family, he bore both those names.

3. One of the Apostles of Jesus Christ, a native of Bethsaida. (Matt. x. 3. Mark iii. 18. Luke vi. 14. John i. 44-47. 49. vi. 5. xii. 21, 22. xiv. 8, 9.) He was with the rest of the apostles and disciples who assembled for prayer in an upper room at Jerusalem, after the ascension. (Acts i. 13, 14.) Of the subsequent history of this apostle, nothing certain is known. He is said to have preached the Gospel in Scythia and Phrygia, and to have been interred at Hierapolis in Phrygia Pacatina, where he suffered martyrdom.

4. One of the seven deacons of the church at Jerusalem. (Acts vi. 5.) He preached the Gospel at Samaria, where he performed many miracles, and converted many to the faith of Christ. Afterwards he received a divine command to go towards the south, to the road leading from Gaza to Jerusalem: here he met an eunuch of Candace, queen of Ethiopia, whom he likewise converted to the Christian faith. (Acts viii. 5-38.) After baptizing the eunuch, Philip stopped some time at Azotus; and "passing through, he preached in all the cities until he came to Cæsarea," where he appears to have fixed his residence. He had four daughters; who, like Agabus, according to circumstances, received the gift of prophecy. (Acts viii. 40. xxi. 8, 9.)

PHILIPPI was a city of Macedonia Prima, or the first of the four parts into which that province was divided. (See Vol. I. p. 194.) It was of moderate extent, and situated on the confines of Thrace. It was formerly called Crenides, from its numerous springs, and afterwards Datus from the coal mines in its vicinity. The name of Philippi it received from Philip the father of Alexander, who fortified it, and made it a frontier town against the Thracians. Julius Cæsar planted a colony here, which was afterwards enlarged by Augustus, and hence its inhabitants were considered as freemen of Rome. Christianity was first planted at Philippi, by Saint Paul, A. D. 50, the particulars of which are related in Acts xvi. 9-40. Philippi occupies a fertile plain between two ridges of mountains. The acropolis or citadel is on a mount standing out into the plain from the north-east and numerous ruins attest its ancient strength and splendour.

:

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PHILISTINES, Land of, 4. Account of, 7. Nature of the disease inflicted upon them, 552.

PHILOLOGUS, a Christian at Rome, whom St. Paul salutes in his epistle to the Romans. (xvi. 6.) M. Coquerel is ot opinion that he was probably a slave who had been restored to liberty, and who received the name of Philologus, in consequence of his having been instructed in literature and the sciences.

PHINEAS, the son of Eleazar, and grandson of Aaron, was the third high priest of the Jews. He is greatly commended for his zeal for the glory of God in the affair of Zimri and Cosbi (Numb. xxv. 7.): for which God promised that the priesthood should be given to his posterity by a perpetual covenant; this condition being included (as interpreters observe), that his children should continue faithful and obedient. The time of his death is not known.

PHOEBE, a deaconness in the church at Cenchrea, whom St. Paul strongly recommends to the Christians at Rome in his epistle (xvi. 1, 2.), for her hospitality to himself. The deaconesses in the primitive church were sometimes married women, but most frequently widows advanced in years, and who had been the wife of one man; that is, one who had not parted with one husband and married another, a practice which at that time was usual both among the Jews and heathens. (1 Tim. vi. 9, 10.) Their functions consisted in taking care of the sick and poor of their own sex, visiting the prisoners and martyrs, instructing catechumens, assisting at the baptism of women, and various other inferior offices. Phoebe is supposed to have been the bearer of St. Paul's epistle to the Romans.

PHOENICE, OF PHOENICIA, a province of Syria, which extended from the Gulf of Issus, where it bounded Cilicia on the north, along the coast southwards, to the termination of the ridges of Libanus and Antilibanus, near Tyre, where it met the border of Palestine. In breadth it only comprehended the narrow tract between the continuation of Mount Libanus and the sea. The country was exceedingly fertile, but being extremely limited, they early became a colonising people; extending their colonies to the very extremity of the Mediterranean Sea. Of these Carthage was one of the most distinguished; and as a commercial nation, the Phonicians are the most celebrated people of antiquity. A full and accurate view

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of the geography, productions, commerce, religion, and history of the ancient Phonicians, will be found in the Rev. J. Kendrick's " 'Phoenicia," London : 1855, 8vo. The principal cities of Phoenicia were PTOLEMAIS, SIDON, and TYRE, of which a notice is given in the subsequent part of this index. For an account of the Phonician idols worshipped by the Israelites, see pp. 373-375.

PHOENICIARCHS, notice of, 380. PHOENIX, (in our authorised English version rendered PHENICE) was a port and city on the south-east coast of Crete. Acts xxvii. 12.

PHRYGIA is a province of Asia Minor, divided into the Greater and Lesser. The former had Bithynia on the north, Galatia on the east, Pamphylia and Lycia on the south, Lydia and Mysia on the west. Its chief cities mentioned in Scripture (Col. ii. 1.) are Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Colossæ. St. Luke seems to speak of Phrygia Major in Acts ii. 10. because he joins it with Pamphylia below it. In Acts xvi. 6. he means Phrygia Minor. The inhabitants are said to have been a servile people, kept in their duty best by stripes, and made wise only by sufferings. In all these parts of Asia Minor, even to Bithynia and the Euxine Sea, the Jews anciently were very numerous.

PHUT or PUT, the name of an African people. According to Josephus (Ant. Jud. 1. i. c. 7.) they were the inhabitants of Mauritania, where there is a river called Phut. (Plin. Nat. Hist. l. v. c. 1.) According to the Septuagint and Vulgate versions they were the Libyans. (Jer. xlvi. 9. Ezek. xxvii. 10. xxxviii. 5. Nah. iii. 9.) They are supposed to have been the descendants of Phut, the third son of Ham. (Gen. x. 6.)

PHYGELLUS, a Christian of Asia, who being at Rome during Paul's second imprisonment, A. D. 65, basely deserted him, with Hermogenes, in his necessity. (2 Tim. i. 15.)

PHYLACTARIES described, 429.

PHYSIC, or Medicine, state of, 546–554. PHYSICS, or natural philosophy of the Jews, 523.

PIBESETH, a celebrated city of Egypt, mentioned in Ezek. xxx. 17. It stood on the eastern shore of the eastern arm of the Nile. In the Septuagint Greek and the Vulgate Latin version it is called Bubastis. In this city was the temple of the goddess Bubastis, whom the Greeks identified with their Artemis or Diana. 66 Though entirely destroyed, the fine granite stones

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which mark its site, confirm the account of its ancient magnificence given by Herodotus." (Dr. Henderson's Ezekiel, p. 149.) PIHAHIROTH, or HIROTH, without the prefix, a place on the Red Sea, where the Israelites made their second encampment. (Exod. xiv. 2. 9. Num. xiii. 7.) As the Israelites were properly delivered at this place from their captivity, and fear of the Egyptians (Exod. xiv. 5.), Dr. Shaw thinks that it derived its name from that circumstance. (Travels, vol. ii. p. 98.)

PILATE, Pontius, notice of, 130. His conduct towards Jesus Christ, 180, 181. PISGAH, Mount, 61.

PISIDIA (Acts xiv. 24.), a country in Asia Minor, having Pamphylia on the south, Galatia on the north, Isauria on the east, and Phrygia on the west. Its chief city was ANTIOCH in Pisidia (Acts xiii. 14.), so called to distinguish it from Antioch in Syria.

PISON, one of the four great rivers which watered the garden of Eden. (Gen. ii. 11, 12.) The author of the apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus, speaking of a wise man, says, that "he filleth all things with his wisdom," or spreads it on every side, "as Phison and Tigris" spread their waters "in the time of the new fruits," that is, when they are swollen by the melting of the winter-snows. Calmet, Reland, Rosenmüller, and others, suppose it to be the Phasis, a celebrated river of Colchis; Eusebius and Jerome, after Josephus, make it to be the Ganges, which passing into India falls into the ocean.

PITHOм, one of the cities built by the Israelites for Pharaoh. (Exod. i. 11.) Sir John Marsham imagines it to be Pelusium; but it is most probably the Tarovμos of Herodotus (Hist. 1. ii. c. 158.), who places it on the canal made to join the Red Sea with the Isthmus of Suez. By the Arabians in later times it is called Fijum or Faijum (pronounced Faioum), which name is also applied to the province.

PLAGUE, not unknown in Palestine, 87.
PLAINS of the Holy Land, account of,

68-70.

PLEADING, form of, among the Jews, in civil and criminal cases, 136-140.

PLOUGHING, Jewish mode of, 493, 494. POETRY, cultivated by the Hebrews, 521.

POLITENESS, Jewish forms of, 464–470. POLITICAL Divisions of the Holy Land, 6-18. Political state of the Israelites and Jews from the patriarchal times to the destruction of their polity by the Romans,

92-131.

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PROSELYTES, account of, 291. Conditions of proselytism, 292.

PROSEUCHE, or oratories of the Jews,

274.

PSALTERY, form, of, 515.

PTOLEMAIS, anciently called Accho (Judg. i. 31.), and now known by the name of ACRE, is a port and town situated on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, on the confines of Lower and Upper Galilee. Here St. Paul rested for one day on his journey from Ephesus to Jerusalem. (Acts xxi. 7.) " Acre looks nobly from a distance, but, within its walls, is most wretched; houses in ruins and broken arches" [are] "in every direction." (Ld. Lindsay's Letters from Edom, &c., vol. ii. p. 81.) As this port must always have been of great importance in time of war, the town has, consequently, undergone great changes. During the crusades this city suffered exceedingly, both from infidels and Christians, between whom it was the scene of many sanguinary conflicts: at length it fell under the dominion of the late Djezzar Pacha, | under whose government and that of his successor it has revived, and is now one of the most considerable towns on the coast. Acre has a beautiful appearance, when beheld from a short distance. This place is celebrated for the repulse there given to Napoleon Buonaparte, by the Turks under the command of Sir Sydney Smith, who, after a long and memorable siege, compelled the French to retire with great loss, and ultimately to abandon Syria. In 1832, Acre was captured by the Egyptian army, after a long siege and in 1840 it "became the closing scene of the struggle between the allied English and the Austrian fleets and the forces of Mohammed Ali. On Nov. 3d. 1840, Akka (Acre) was bombarded for several hours; until the explosion of a magazine destroyed the garrison, and laid the town in ruins." (Robinson's Biblical Researches, vol. iii. p. 234.) Acre is now a large and flourishing place, with about eight or ten thousand inhabitants, of whom 120 to 150 are Jews. (Wilson's Lands of the Bible, vol. ii. p. 234.) PUBLICANS or collectors of the revenue, account of, 205. Why odious to the Jews,

206.

PUBLIUS, an opulent governor of Malta, at the time of St. Paul's shipwreck, who miraculously healed his father of a dangerous malady. The bay in which the vessel was wrecked was contiguous to his estate; and he most probably entertained the apostle during his three months' residence on that island. (Acts xxiii. 7, 8.)

1. The proper name of a people remote from Palestine. (Isa. Ixvi. 19.) The Latin Vulgate renders it Africa; according to Bochart, it was Philæ, an island of the Nile in Upper Egypt. Vitringa supposes it to be a place in the extremity of Egypt; it being the prophet's object, in the passage just cited, to designate the most remote parts.

2. The name of the first king of Assyria who is mentioned in the Scriptures. He invaded the kingdom of Israel shortly after Menahem had usurped the throne, who gave him a thousand talents of silver to support him in his kingdom. (2 Kings xv. 19, 20.)

PUNISHMENTS (Hebrew) design of, 162. Inferior punishments, 163–169. Capital punishments, 170–185.

PURIFICATIONS of the Jews, account of, 359-361. Purifications of the leprosy, in persons, garments, and houses, 362, 363. Purifications in case of minor impurities, 363, 364.

PURIM, or Feast of Lots, account of,

346.

PUTEOLI, a maritime town of Campania, in Italy, between Baia and Naples, founded by a colony from Cumæ. It was originally called Dicæarchia, and afterwards Puteoli, from the great number of wells (putei) which were in the reighbourhood. It is now called Puzzuoli or Puzzuolo. It was a favourite place of resort for the Romans, on account of the adjacent mineral waters and its hot baths ; and its harbour was defended by a celebrated mole, the remains of which are still to be seen. St. Paul landed and abode here seven days, by the favour of the centurion, on his first journey to Rome. (Acts xxviii. 13.) It appears from Acts xxviii. 11. that Puteoli was the destination of this vessel from Alexandria; and we learn from the independent testimony of the Jewish historian, Josephus, corroborated by the geographer Strabo, that this was the port of Italy to which ships from Egypt and the Levant commonly sailed. (Antiq. Jud. lib. xviii. c. 7. § 4. c. 8. § 2. Strabo, Geogr. l. xvii. p. 793. ed. Casaub.) Puzzuoli is now an insignificant town, wnose inhabitants are generally occupied in fishing. In its immediate neghbourhood are the remains of a temple of