deposit the statement regarding reserves is "Chiatura manganese deposit
is one of the largest in Soviet Union. Based on reserves it is second
only to the Nikopol and Bol'shoi Tokmakak deposits of the South Ukranian
manganese basin."

In Bureau of Mines, Materials Survey-Manganese (1952) the reserves for USSR are given as 625,000,000 tons as based on 1935 estimate by Betekhtin less production plus new reserves (1935-1949). The reserves of the larger deposits are reported as follows:

Dorr II (1973) estimates USSR reserves at 3 billion tons, a figure that has been repeated consistently in other publications.

In "Ore Deposits of USSR" Moscow 1974, V. I. Smirnow, Editor, the reserves for Nikopol and Chiatura are not presented. Map 1, attached, shows the distribution of the more important sedimentary and volcanogenesedimentary manganese deposits in USSR. Information on the larger deposits, that are considered to have commercial significance, is summarized below. The authors of the chapter on manganese deposits

are I. M. Varentzov and V. P. Rakhmanov. See Table 1 for more complete data.

Figure 1 shows the stratigraphic distribution of manganese deposits and
ore shows by different genetic types in USSR. Manganese content, in
million tons, may be read from the figure. The deposits are listed below
with estimated tonnages. Available chemical analysis are shown in Table 2.

Thus, information provided by Soviet literature suggests the Soviet geologists consider that commercial reserve of manganese ore in USSR is 1.2 billion tons and overall reserve to be about 2.9 billion tons, with the bulk of commercial reserves in Nikopol and Chiatura areas. It is estimated that product equivalent is 286 million mt at 38-40% Mn for Nikopol and 115.5 million mt at 40-50% Mn for Chiatura. The remaining 118 million mt are attributed to 5 potential commercial deposits. Details are shown in Table 1.

General Observations

Analyses of the information provided in the references on Soviet manganese (reference list attached) indicate the following:

The average consumption of Ma per ton of fluxing steel in
USSR is 8-9 kilograms and at times 20-30 kilograms. Basically
this is due to (a) low Mn content of the Soviet iron ore,
(b) high sulfur content of the Soviet coke, (c) relatively
high Mn steel production in USSR, and (d) lower grade of
Mn ores.

1

Increasing production of crude ore due to mining of the
lower grade ore. In addition the outside market potential
is limited due to the lower grade of the USSR ores and
concentrates. For example in Nikopol area, Zapadnaya deposit,
from crude ore of 25.6% Mn a concentrate of 39.2% Mn is
produced and in Grushevsko-Basanski deposit a 39.6% Mn
concentrate is produced from 29% crude oxide ore.

Stanford Research Institute states that USSR Manganese
mines are probably the highest cost producers. Canadian
Iron Ore group visit to Chiatura reported that the mine
in 1964 employed 6,000 people to produce 3 to 4 million
mt ore per year and additional 4,000 people are employed in
concentrators and shops. For comparison Comilog in Moanda
employs 1,036 people in the mine to produce about 4 million
mt of crude ore annually.

References

Bureau of Mines, Manganese-Material Survey; October 1972

Canadian Metal Mining Association, Canada-USSR Exchange Visits, 1964, Ottawa 1955.

Magakyan, I. G., Ore Deposits (Economic Types of Metallic Mineral
Deposits), Yerevan, 1961 in IGR Vol. 10, No. 7 July 1968.

Ministry of Foreign Trade:

USSR Foreign Trade-Statistical Review

Years 1964-1974 (in Russian).

Sapozhnikov, D. G., Ed, Manganese Deposits of Soviet Union, Moscow 1967, Translated from Russian, Jerusalem 1970.

Shabad, T., Basic Industrial Resources of the USSR, Columbia University Press, New York's London, 1969.

Smirnov, V. I. Ed. Ore Deposits of USSR, Vol. I, Nedra, Moscow 1974 (in Russian).

Sutulov, A., Mineral Resources and the Economy of the USSR, Engineering and Mining Journal, New York 1973.

Varentsov, I. M., Sedimentary Manganese Ores, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1964.

Р. 65. Схема размещения главнейших осадочных и вулканогенно-осадочных марганцевых месторождений на территория СССР. 1-6 - месторождения с запасами руд в млн. т: 1 — свыше 100, 8 — от 50 до 100, 3 - от 10 до 50, 4 — от 5 до 10, 8 - от 1 до 5, 6 — менее 1; 7—9 — категория запасов; 7 — имеющие промышленное значение, 8 — прогнозные, общетеологические, 9 - забалансовые.

Месторождения марганца: 1 - Южно-Украинский марганцерудный бассейн (13 - Больше Тохманское месторождение), 2 — Хощеватское, 3 — Грузинский марганцерудный бассейн, 4 — Северо-Уральскай марганцерудный бассейн (Полузочное, Березовское, Ново-Березовское, Екатерининское, Юркинское, Ловское, Ивдельское, Витерское, Марсятское и др.), 5 — Улутелянское, 8 — Примагнитогорская група (Назгуловское, Яджыбетовское, Мамиля, Файзулинское и др.), 7 — Аккерманожное, 8 — Атастасная группа (Каражальское, Большое Ктайское, Керетатское, Джумарт, Камысское и др.), 9 — Карсакпавская группа (Джездивское, Промежуточное. Найзатасское и др.), 10 — Мурджинское, 11 Мангышлакское, 12 — Зеравшанская группа (Дауташское, Тахта-Карача и др.), 13 — Дурновское, 14 Мазульское, 15 - Усявское, 16 — Прислявская группа (Николаевское, Кеттское, Каменское и др.), 17 Баргузино-Вятская зона марганцерудных проявлений (Инатское, Талойское), 18 - Удинское, 19 Мало-Хинганская группа (Южно-Хинганское, Биджанское), 20 - Важданское