grim's Progress, we must insist that very different was intended to be the reception of the marvellous personal incidents and miraculous adventures which were interwoven with the history of the saints themselves. These were accepted, and were designed to be accepted, as facts in hagiography, no less to be believed than the miraculous incidents in the life of the Saviour. It is upon the foundation of these legendary marvels that much of the doctrine and practice of the Church of Rome, especially that large portion of it the worship of the Virgin, has been principally built. Her assumption, coronation, and other similar current articles in the popular faith, are all founded upon legendary lore. So also the multiplied parodies or repetitions in saintly biographies of the actual miracles of the Saviour; for example, the feedings of vast numbers with inadequate supplies of provision, the raising of the dead, the walking on water, the conversion of one substance into another, as water into wine, &c.all these were intended to be believed, and were believed, just as entirely as the original miracles of which they were the copies. So again the multitudes of legendary miracles which were founded upon the literal rendering of the words of scripture (the great rock on which the Church of Rome has made shipwreck of common sense and truth) were just as much believed as the similarly founded miracle of transubstantiation. We have given an example of this kind of miracle in the story of St. Antony of Padua and the miser's heart. Striking instances occur under St. Francis. His stigmata are the result of a mere literal adaptation of the text Gal. iv. 17, "I bear in my body the marks of the Lord Jesus;" and a literal interpretation of the text "Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature," is said to have induced him to go forth as a missionary to the very lowest animals. That he was kind and gentle to all created beings, and had a pet lamb which accompanied him on a visit to Rome, are probably the only foundation of the many stories (some of them extremely beautiful and some singularly silly) which are told in connection with this feature of his character. When he walked in the fields the sheep and the lambs, knowing their benefactor, thronged around him. Hares and rabbits nestled in his bosom, and of birds he was the universal favourite: "A lark brought her brood of nestlings to his cell to be fed from his hand : he saw that the strongest of these nestlings tyrannised over the others, pecking at them, and taking more than his due share of the food; whereupon the good saint rebuked the creature, saying, Thou unjust and insatiable! thou shalt die miserably, and the greediest animals shall refuse to eat thy flesh.' And so it happened, for the creature drowned itself through its impetuosity in drinking, and when it was thrown to the cats they would not touch it... On his return from Syria, in pass ing through the Venetian lagune, vast numbers of birds were singing, and he said to his companion, Our sisters, the birds, are praising their Creator, let us sing with them,' and he began the sacred service. But the warbling of the birds interrupted them, therefore Saint Francis said to them, Be silent, till we also have praised God,' and they ceased their song, and did not resume it till he had given them permission... On another occasion, preaching at Alviano, he could not make himself heard for the chirping of the swallows, which were at that time building their nests; pausing, therefore, in his sermon, he said, 'My sisters, you have talked enough; it is time that I should have my turn. Be silent, and listen to the word of God!' And they were silent immediately. . . On another occasion, as he was sitting with his disciple Leo, he felt himself penetrated with joy and consolation by the song of the nightingale, and he desired his friend Leo to raise his voice and sing the praises of God in com. pany with the bird. But Leo excused which Francis himself began to sing, and himself by reason of his bad voice; upon when he stopped the nightingale took up his strain, and thus they sang alternately, until the night was far advanced, and Francis was obliged to stop, for his voice failed. Then he confessed that the Tittle bird had vanquished him; he called it to him, thanked it for its song, and gave it the remainder of his bread; and having bestowed his blessing upon it, the creature flew away... A grasshopper [?] was wont to sit and sing on a fig-tree near the cell of the man of God, and oftentimes by her singing she excited him also to sing the praises of the Creator; and one day he called her to him, and she flew upon his hand, and Francis said to her, 'Sing, my sister, and praise the Lord thy Creator.' So she began her song immediately, nor ceased until at the father's command she flew back to her own place; and she remained eight days there, coming and sing ing at his behest. At length the man of God said to his disciples, Let us dismiss our sister; enough that she has cheered us with her song, and excited us to the praise of God these eight days.' So, being permitted, she immediately flew away, and was seen no more." These, and all similar stories of personal incident and adventure, seem to have been propounded to serious belief, and we have no doubt that they were, and in some places still are, believed, and taught that they may be believed. Of the common emblems of monastic profession Mrs. Jameson enumerates the glory, as belonging peculiarly to a canonized saint and not to the preparatory grade of beato; the dragon or demon at the feet, as indicative of the victory of faith over the world and sin; the hind or stag, as the emblem of solitude; wild beasts at the feet of a saint, as indicative of the found. ing of a monastery and consequent clearing of a wilderness; the crucifix in the hand, significant of a preacher; the lily, as the emblem of chastity; the standard with the cross, the general symbol of triumphant Christianity; the flaming heart, as the emblem of divine love. The crown of thorns indicates suffering for Christ's sake; the palm, the meed of martyrdom; the lamb, the attribute of meekness, with especial reference to the quality of St. Francis to which we have just alluded; the fish, the emblem of baptism; the crown, significant of royal birth; a seraph distinguishes saints of the seraphic order; a sun on the breast indicates the light of wisdom; a star, the divine attestation of peculiar sanctity, derived from the star in the east; a book in the hand is given to preachers, authors, and missionaries; a dove, the emblem of inspiration; an open book often indicates the founder of an order; a scourge, self-inflicted penance; roses are generally allusive to the saint's name, as St. Rosalia, several Sts. Rosa, &c.; a mitre and pastoral staff are borne by abbots as well as bishops; the pastoral staff only by abbesses. Slaves with their chains broken, beggars, children, &c. at the feet of a saint express beneficence, or some special branch of charity. a picture by Sassetta of the date of 1444, engraved by Mrs. Jameson, St. Francis is represented treading pride, gluttony, and heresy under his feet, the last being represented by a printingpress! In This volume is an admirable sequel and companion to Mrs. Jameson's former work upon Sacred and Legendary Art. She has enriched our literature with three books as instructive as they are interesting and beautiful. They are most attractive to antiquaries and artists, and contain a fund of information applicable to all inquiries into the history, the theology, and the manners and customs of the past. We trust that her labours will reap a rich reward. ON THOMAS LODGE AND HIS WORKS. WHO does not wish to know all that can be known of an author who could write such stanzas as the following? See where the babes of memory are laid Sweet solitary life, thou true repose, Wherein the wise contemplate heaven aright; In thee no dread of war or worldly foes, In thee no pomp seduceth mortal sight; In thee no wanton cares to win with words, Nor lurking toys which city life affords. At peep of day, when in her crimson pride These sweet lines, and many more of the same flow and fancy, were written by Thomas Lodge considerably more than 250 years ago, in a poem "in commendation of a solitary life;" and avoiding, as we have done now, and intend to do hereafter, certain uncouthnesses of antique spelling, it is obvious that, for the grace and facility of the verse, and for the beauty and simplicity of the sentiment, the lines might have been written yesterdayif, indeed, any of our living "babes of memory" could equal the ease, purity, and piety of Lodge. In the present, and in one or two subsequent, papers we propose to direct attention to him and to his numerous productions, especially in the department of poetry; for, although there have been several brief and scattered notices of Lodge and his works, nobody has attempted to go at all at large into his merits, and to fix, with anything like precision, the place he is entitled to occupy among the writers of the Elizabethan era. He was a dramatist some years before Shakspere (according to our best means of knowledge) visited the metropolis; and for about a quarter of a century, he continued to put forth poems, satirical tracts, and romances, for his own subsistence, and for the instruction and amusement of his contemporaries. Of course, every reader is aware that Lodge was the author of the charming story of which Shakspere so freely and so largely availed himself in his "As you like it." Nevertheless, in spite of his high claims, up to this moment no accurate list even, of his numerous publications, has been prepared or printed; and the first thing we shall endeavour will be, with some necessary detail (for which we hope to be praised rather than pardoned), and with some bibliographical correctness (hitherto little regarded), to lay before the reader a catalogue (as far as it can be made out) of the pieces in prose and verse that he from time to time delivered to the press. They all range within the period from 1580 to 1614, the last being his translation of Seneca, of which we happen to have the very copy Lodge presented to his contemporary, Thomas Dekker, a fact recorded by the latter upon the book itself. In the succeeding enumeration we proceed chronologically, and we shall follow the title of each production by the statement in brackets where a copy is to be found, with such other particulars as, if not necessary, are at least convenient. 1. A Defence of Stage-Plays; in answer to Stephen Gosson's "School of Abuse." 8vo. [Gosson's "School of Abuse" came out in 1579, and Lodge, then a writer for the stage, and perhaps an actor also, immediately prepared a reply to Gosson. This reply must have been printed in 1580, but it was suppressed, as Lodge himself tells us, by authority. Nevertheless, two mutilated copies have come down to us, and one, if not both, are in the library of the late Mr. Miller.] 2. An Alarum against Usurers, containing tryed Experiences against Worldly Abuses, &c. Hereunto are annexed the delectable Historie of Forbonius and Prisceria, with the lamentable Complaint of Truth over England. Written by Thomas Lodge, of Lincolnes Inne, Gentleman, &c. London, 1584. 4to. [There was, therefore, so far as we Lodge's Reply to Gosson and the pubknow, an interval of four years between lication of the Alarum against Usurers; and in this interval Lodge (perhaps to avoid the abuse of Gosson that he was "a vagrant person,") procured himself to be entered of an Inn of Court. Lowndes (Bibl. Man. 1149) miscalls the tale introduced by Lodge "the Historie of Tribonius and Prisæria." There is a copy of this rare work among Tanner's books at Oxford.] 3. Scillaes Metamorphosis, enterlaced with the unfortunate Love of Glaucus. Whereunto is annexed the delectable Discourse of the Discontented Satyre, &c. By Thomas Lodge, of Lincolnes Inn, Gentleman. London, 1589. 4to. [Here again is a considerable interval between Lodge's last extant work and the present, and possibly at this time he was studying a profession which he subsequently abandoned. This collection of poems was reprinted in 1819, but with some melancholy misprints for which the typographer must be responsible, as the competence of the editor is undoubted. Lowndes gives the date of the original appearance of the work 1610; but that was only a re-issue of some old copies with a new title-page, when it was called "A most pleasant Historie of Glaucus and Scilla. With many excellent Poems and delectable Sonnets." A copy is in the possession of the writer.] 4. Rosalynde. Euphues Golden Legacie; found after his death in his cell at Silexedra. Bequeathed to Philautus sonnes noursed up with their father in England. Fetcht from the Canaries. By T. L., Gent. London, imprinted by Thomas Orwin, for T. G. and John Busbie, 1590. 4to. [This title is given at full length, because when the writer of this article reprinted it, in 1841, as the original novel upon which Shakspere founded his "Winter's Tale," he could only procure a copy of the second edition of 1592. Lodge, previous to 1590, had been a voyage with Capt. Clarke to the Terceras and Canaries, as he informs Lord Hunsdon in the dedication, and had written "Rosalynde" on the passage. Here also we learn that Lodge had been at the University of Oxford with the two sons of Lord Hunsdon, Edmund and Robert Carew, under the tuition of Sir Edward Hoby. Lowndes committed a gross error in stating that there was an edition of Rosalynde" in 1581; but not so gross that it did not deceive some who ought to have known a great deal better. Mr. Heber had an imperfect copy of the first edition, the second is at Oxford, and the writer possesses the third, "Printed by N. Lyng for T. Gubbins. 1598."] 5. The famous, true, and historicall Life of Robert second Duke of Normandy, surnamed for his monstrous birth and behaviour Robin the Divell. Wherein is contained his dissolute life in his youth, his devout reeoncilement, and vertues in his age. Interlaced with many straunge and miraculous adventures. Wherein are both causes of profite and many conceits of pleasure. By T. L., G. Imprinted at London for N. L. and John Busbie, and are to be sold at the west dore of Paules. 1591. 4to. [As this work by Lodge is not included quoted the title at full length. The date in any list of his productions, we have of the dedication to M. Thomas Smith is "From my Chamber 2 Maij 1591." Rawlinson's Catalogue places it under the print. It consists of prose and verse, year 1599, but it is most probably a misand only a single copy appears to be known, which formerly was the property of Heber. Into whose hands it afterwards went the writer does not know.] 6. Catharos. Diogenes in his Singularities, &c. Christened by him A Nettle for Nice Noses. By T. L., of Lincolns Inn, Gent. London, 1591. 4to. [This prose tract is dedicated by the stationer to Sir John Hart, and it seems likely that it was published during the absence of Lodge on a voyage which he took with Cavendish. Busbie calls Lodge his "dear friend," but does not say that he was absent from England. The British Museum contains a copy of this performance; another is in the library of Lord Ellesmere; and the writer has a third.] 7. Euphues Shadow, the Battaile of the Sences. Wherein youthfull folly is set downe in his right figure, and vaine fancies are prooved to produce many offences. Hereunto is annexed the Deafe man's Dialogue, contayning Philamis Athanatos: fit for all sortes to peruse, and the better sorte to practise. By T. L., Gent. London, Printed by Abell Jeffes for John Busbie, &c. 1592. 4to. [Only two copies of this tract are known, one of which is in the British Museum, and the other in Scotland. It is dedicated to Lord Fitzwaters, on behalf of his "absent friend, M. Thomas Lodge," by "Rob. Greene, Norfolciensis," who states that the author had " gone to sea with Mayster Candish." The style is very like that of Greene, and it is by no means certain that he did not write it, and publish it in Lodge's name. It contains only four pieces in verse, of unusually moderate pretensions, and inferior to the general style of Lodge.] 8. Phillis: Honoured with Pastorall Sonnets, Elegies, and amorous delights. Where-unto is annexed the Tragicall Complaynt of Elstred, &c. At London, printed for John Busbie, &c. 1593. 4to. [Lodge's name does not appear upon the title-page, but is subjoined at length to the dedication to the Countess of Shrewsbury. Several pieces were transferred from this work to the "Phoenix Nest," printed in the same year, and to England's Helicon, which first came out in 1600, 4to. and again in 1614, 8vo. To one of them, in the latter, the initials of Sir Edward Dyer are appended, as if it were by him; the proper initials are given to the poems of Lodge in the "Phoenix Nest." "Phillis," and Elstred," are both in the style of Samuel Daniel, to whose high praise Lodge dedicates a stanza. Mr. Miller's library contains the only copy of this work the writer ever saw.] 9. The Life and Death of William Longbeard, the most famous and witty English traitor, borne in the citty of London. Accompanied with manye other most pleasant and prettie histories, By T. L. of Lincoln's Inne, Gent. Et nuga seria ducunt. Printed at London, by Rychard Yardley and Peter Short, &c. 1593. 4to. [Lodge here returns to his legal addition as of Lincoln's Inn, which he had dropped since his "Catharos" of 1591, because, perhaps, he had taken to foreign adventures with Clarke and Cavendish. This tract (in the writer's possession) is perhaps unique. It is dedicated by Tho. Lodge to Sir W. Web, as "the very patterne and true Mecenas of vertue." The "many pretty histories" are twelve in number, and begin with an account of "famous pirates." Poetry and prose are interspersed.] 10. The Wounds of Civil War. Lively set forth in the true Tragedies of Marius and Scilla, &c. Written by Thomas Lodge, Gent. &c. London, 1594. 4to. [This dramatic performance, which was doubtless written before 1589, was acted by a company under the management of Philip Henslowe, although it is not mentioned in his "Diary," printed by the Shakespeare Society. The tragedy is reprinted in the last edit. of Dodsley's Old Plays, vol. viii. Various copies of the original edition are extant, one of which belongs to the writer.] 11. A Looking Glasse for London and England. Made by Thomas Lodge, Gentleman, and Robert Greene, &c. London, 1594. 4to. [A drama, the title of which is inserted in Henslowe's Diary, pp. 23, 25, 28, as "the Looking Glasse,' "under the year 1591. The only known copy of the first edition is in the library of the Duke of Devonshire it was reprinted by the Rev. Mr. Dyce in Greene's Works, i. 55. There are old re-impressions of it in 1598, 1602, and 1617, which are not uncommon. Lowndes gives it twice over, as if separate productions, under 1590 and 1594.] 12. A Fig for Momus: containing pleasant varietie, included in Satyres, Eclogues, and Epistles. By T. L. of Lincolnes Inne, Gent. &c. London, 1595. 4to. [The excellent satires in this work give Lodge the priority in time, although not in merit, to Bishop Hall-both however as satirists having been preceded by Dr. Donne, who was himself preceded by Sir T. Wyat, who wrote "satires" thirty or forty years earlier. Gascoigne comes between Wyat and Donne. This collection of poems of various kinds by Lodge was reprinted at the Auchinleck Press in 1817, but most defectively. Old impressions are not very uncommon; Mr. Miller had one.] 13. The Divell Conjured. London, 1596. 4to. [This tract has the initials T. L. to the dedication and address to the Reader, and may therefore, though perhaps with some hesitation, be assigned to Lodge. It is mainly devoted to prose discussions on alchymy and magic, topics touched upon by Lodge in verse in his " "Fig for Momus." It is wholly prose.] 14. Wit's Miserie and the World's Madness, discovering the Divels Incarnat of this Age. London, 1596. 4to. [One of the rarest of Lodge's pieces, should seem to have been driven to conand certainly not one of the best. He siderable shifts about this time, and four of his most hasty performances bear date in 1596. This has no sign of authorship on the title-page; but the dedication to three brothers, Hare, has Lodge's initials, and the internal evidence is strong in his favour. Lodge dates in haste from my house at Low Laiton, this 5 of November 1595," whither, perhaps, he had gone to study medicine, and supported himself by his pen not long afterwards he took up the profession of physic, and continued to practise it till his death.] 15. A Margarite of America. By T. Lodge. Printed for John Busbie, &c. 1596. 4to. [A translation avowedly from the Spanish, and made, as Lodge states, four years before, when he was "at sea with M. Candish in passing through the Straits of 1 |