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He was professor of geography at University College, Reading, 1906-20. He was at one time president of the Royal Meteorological Society and Assistant Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He wrote Elementary Meteorology (1893); Climate and Weather (1912); Maps and Map Reading (1912); and various contributions to the scientific journals.

DICEY, ALBERT VENN. British writer on law, died, April 7. He was born in 1835, educated at Oxford and admitted to the bar in 1863. He was Vinerian Professor of English law, 1882-1909 and wrote among other works: The Law of Domicile (1879); Law of the Constitution (1885); Treatise on the Conflict of Laws (1896); and in collaboration with Professor Rait, Thoughts on the Union Between England and Scotland (1920).

INTERNAL COM

DIES, MARTIN. See NECROLOGY. DIESEL ENGINE. See BUSTION ENGINE.

D' INDY, VINCENT. See MUSIC, Orchestras.

DIPPEL, ANDREAS. See MUSIC, Opera. DIPHTHERIA. The application of the diagnostic Schick test in the public schools of New York showed the great variation in susceptibility to this disease. Children of the wellto-do show the greater disposition to contract it. In the schools in the more prosperous quarters the susceptibility is from 50 to 70 per cent, and in the tenement districts it is 16 to 25 per cent. Hence the reputation of diphtheria as a disease of the poor is based on overcrowding, ignorance and indifference and not on greater susceptibility due to underfeeding and malhygiene. The well-to-do are usually alive to the importance of segregation and are also able to carry out the policy. Heredity is a factor in susceptibility which, like immunity to the disease, is transmitted by descent. Susceptibility may be only temporary and follow-up tests show that it may disappear early in childhood, as soon often as the age of two or three is reached. The special susceptibility of the negro is shown by the high per cent of positive Schick tests while there is a correspondingly low proportion in the children of Italian parents. Cases of positive Schick test in which preventive injections of serum have to be given have been much studied in order to show the success or unsuccess of immunizing measures. Moreover these children are more apt to present symptoms due to the serum itself. It was found that the best results were to be had from three weekly injections of a small amount of serum. The per cent successfully immunized ranged from 70 to 93 according to the individual school. Practically no serious results have been due to the serum itself. Follow up Schick tests for continued insusceptibility should not be made until six months after immunization.

The results above stated were reported by Dr. Zingher of the New York City Health Department to the Section for Childrens' Disease of the American Medical Association at the 1922 convention and elicited a discussion among health officers and pediatricians. Dr. Neff of Kansas City found much more susceptibility in private than institutional patients and complained of technical difficulties in immunization. Dr. Kerley of New York mentioned the 20,000 annual deaths in the United States from diphtheria and the 85 per cent of children who show

susceptibility in some degree to the disease. He would abolish the Schick test and immunize all children at once, thereby eliminating the burden of the former with the technique of which many physicians are unfamiliar. Dr. Earle of Des Plaines opposed this course and regards the preliminary Schick test as simple of execution. Dr. Brown of Rochester, who had worked under Von Behring, suggested immunization of pregnant mothers. Dr. Mulheren of Augusta (Ga.) apparently took sides with Dr. Kerley and the experience of Dr. Brooks of Cleveland confirmed that of Dr. Zingher in all respects. In closing the discussion Dr. Zingher held that whether or not the Schick test should be used before general immunization depends much on local conditions. Thus in rural communities it may often be omitted.

DIRIGIBLE. See AERONAUTICS.

DISASTERS. See EARTHQUAKES; RAILWAY ACCIDENTS; FIRE PROTECTION; AUTOMOBILES,

etc.

DISCIPLES OF CHRIST. The origin of this denomination is traced to the revival movement in the early part of the nineteenth century when a number of leaders arose who pleaded for Christian Union and the Bible alone, without human addition in the form of creeds and formulas. They sought to restore the union of the churches through a return in doctrine, ordinance, and life, to the religion definitely outlined in the New Testament. The movement had a rapid growth and is now among the largest Protestant bodies in the United States. Figures taken from the Year Book of the Churches, as prepared by the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ, show in 1921 a total membership of 1,210,023 a considerable gain over the previous year. There were in the same year, 6910 ministers and 8964 churches. The Sunday Schools numbered 8544 and had an enrollment of 987,117. Total amount of funds raised for all purposes was $11,165,391. The four departments comprising the denomination are: The United Christian Missionary Society, Board of Education of the Disciples of Christ, Board of Temperance and Social Welfare, and the Association for the Promotion of Christian Unity. In the administration of their various interests, these departments are related in an advisory way to an International Convention. The missionary work of the denomination is organized under The United Christian Missionary Society which has headquarters in St. Louis. These departments are: The American Missionary Society, Board of Church Extension, Board of Ministerial Relief, Christian Women's Board of Missions, Foreign Christian Missionary Society, and the National Benevolent Association. It is regarded as the most thoroughly representative religious organization in existence; its 24 directors are divided equally between men and women. Foreign mission work is conducted in 10 countries: Africa, China, India, Japan, Philippine Islands, Tibet, Mexico, Porto Rico, Jamaica, and South America and missionaries in 1921 numbered 275. The Department of Home Missions concerns itself with the maintenance of churches throughout the country, Evangelism, Bible Chairs, French, Highlanders. Immigrant, Indian, Negro, Oriental, Regional, Rural, Spanish-American, and Mexican, Recruitment and Training of Workers. The denomination maintains 29 colleges and universities, in which there were 9561 students in 1921,

80 in state universities, and 274 in 8 independent universities. It is the aim of the Association for the Promotion of Christian Unity to watch for every indication of and to hasten the time of Christian unity. Numerous conferences were held throughout the year. The efforts of the Board of Temperance and Social Welfare have been directed toward strict enforcement of the Prohibition laws. Of the various publications of the denomination may be mentioned the World Call, the Christian Evangelist, the Christian Century, and the Christian Standard. Officers in 1922 were: Rev. Stephen E. Fisher, Champaign, Ill., President; Rev. Robert Graham Frank, Dallas, Tex., Secretary; Rev. F. W. Burnham, President of the United Christian Missionary Society; R. H. Crossfield, Lexington, Ky., President of the Board of Education; Rev. Peter Ainslie, President of the Association for the Promotion of Christian Unity; and Edward Jackson is President of the American Temperance Board.

DISTANT, WILLIAM LUCAS. British biologist, died, February 4. He was born, Nov. 12. 1845 and was editor of the Zoologist, 18971915. He traveled in the Malay Peninsula and the Transvaal and made natural history collections. He wrote A Naturalist in the Transvaal and various monographs on Malayan and other fauna, many scattered publications on insects and a few on anthropological subjects.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. According to the Fourteenth Census of the United States, the population of the District, Jan. 1, 1920 was, 437,571, of whom 341,662 were white and 112,364 colored. The enrolled pupils in the public schools numbered 69,541 of whom 48,058 were white and 21,483 colored; average daily attendance, 58,519. The teachers, principals, directors, etc. numbered 2294 of whom 1574 were white and 720 colored. The revenue for the fiscal year ending, June 30 was $23,104,799; expenditure, $22.929,020. On January 28 the roof of the Knickerbocker (motion picture) Theatre collapsed under the weight of snow and a large number of persons were buried in the ruins. Prompt aid was rendered by the fire depart ment and police, aided by United States soldiers and marines, but it was not till the morning of January 30 that all the dead and wounded were removed. The loss of life was reported in the press at 98.

DJEMAL PASHA. Former Turkish minister, murdered at Tiflis, July 25. He was commonly accused of having ordered the massacres of the Armenians.

DOBRUJA or DOBRUDJA. The name of the southeastern part of Rumania. Area, 8969 square miles; population (1912) 381.306; made up of Bulgarians, Rumanians, Turks, Tatars, Russians, Germans, and others. Chief cities, Constanta (27,662), and Tulcha (22.186). DOBSON. HENRY NEWTON. DOCKS AND HARBORS. HARBORS.

See NECROLOGY. See PORTS AND

DODECANESIA or the DODECANESE (Greek for twelve islands). A group of islands off the southwest coast of Asia Minor, acquired by Italy in the war with Turkev in 1912 and confirmed to her in the treaty of Sèvres in 1920, but as that treaty never went into effect and was radically altered by the Allied Powers, Mar. 26, 1922, the status of the islands remained indeterminate throughout 1922.

DOLE, ALEXANDER. Sculptor, died at Boston, Mass., December 21. He was born in 1857 and taken to Italy by his parents when a child. He there studied sculpture, painting, and music, and for some time he was an organist in Italian cathedrals. He returned to the United States in 1878 and rapidly achieved a reputation. He executed many public monuments and statues before he reached the age of thirty-three. He retired in 1911 and settled at Dedham, Mass., where he completed his last work, a statue of President Lincoln.

DOLGE, ALFRED. See NECROLOGY. DOLGOROUKY, PRINCESS CATHERINE MICHAELOVNA. Morganatic wife of Czar Alexander II of Russia, died at Nice, February 15. She was the daughter of Prince Michael Dolgorouky, a descendant in a side line from the Romanoffs. On the death of her father, she and her sister became wards of the Czar and were educated at the Smolny Institute. The union between her and the Czar dated from 1865 when she was not quite 18 years old and the Czar was 47. She was with him in Paris in 1867 and afterwards lived in retirement at St. Petersburg, but saw the Czar frequently and was reputed to exert a strong influence over him, being consulted by him in important affairs of state. She was with him at Berlin in 1875 when Bismarck threatened, a new war against France and the Czar protested, saying that in that event Russia would side with France. In 1874 after the birth of two children he secretly signed a ukase according them the rights of nobility and princely rank. An account of her life will be found in a history of the affair published at the close of 1922 in the Revue des Deux Mondes by M. Maurice Paléologue.

DOMINICA. See LEEWARD ISLANDS.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (SANTO DoMINGO). A West Indian state, occupying the eastern part of the island of Haiti or Santo Domingo, the larger portion of the island being occupied by the republic of Haiti. Capital, Santo Domingo.

are

AREA AND POPULATION. The area is estimated at 19,332 square miles, with a coast line of about 1017 miles, and the population, according to the census of 1921, was 1,897,405. The inhabitants are a mixed race, European, African, and Indian stocks prevailing, but there some Creoles of pure Spanish blood, and there are a number of Turks and Syrians in the city of Santo Domingo. The language is Spanish, but a Haitian dialect is spoken along the frontier, and a small number of descendents of American negro immigrants speak a corrupt English. The population of the city of Santo Domingo at the census of 1921 was 45,021. Other large cities with their populations at that census are: Santiago de Los Caballeros, 71,956; La Vega, 58.041; San Francisco de Macoris, 42,432; Moca, 38,089; Puerto Plata, 26,073; San Pedro de Macoris, 25.226.

COMMERCE. The aggregate seaborne commerce of the republic during 1921 amounted to $45,199,375. in value, compared with $105.257,117 in 1920, or a decrease of $60,657,742, of which decline $50,299,377 related to trade with the United States. For the first time in the history of the receivership the balance was adverse. The declared value of imported merchandise exceeded that of local products exported by $3,971,279. This condition

was explained by the low market prices for Dominican products. Some, while showing a considerable increase in quantity exported, actually brought less returns than for the smaller productions of the preceding year. Total value of Dominican products exported during the year 1921 was $20,614,048, a decrease of $38,117,193, as compared with the exports of the preceding year. Imports were valued at $24,585,327. Quantities of domestic products exported in some instances show an increase, but with the exception of cattle and foreign merchandise reëxported, all values were on the debit side compared with 1920. The following table shows the exports and imports from 1917 to 1921 inclusive:

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Balance 4,862,766 2,207,622 61,621,019 17,582,765 1920 46,525,876 58,731,241 105,257,117 12,205,365 1921 24,585,327 20,614,048 45,199,375 3,971,279

"Against the Republic.

a

Revenue,

FINANCE. The budget for 1921 was: $11,631,400; expenditure, $11,630,198. In 1907, the treaty with the United States authorized the issue of $20,000,000, 5 per cent bonds, secured by lien of the revenue from customs, and of this there remained an unpaid balance, July 31, 1920 of $10,207,029. Meanwhile a further issue had been authorized, and was made Aug. 2, 1918, amounting to $4,161,300, of which the unpaid balance July 31, 1920 was $13,100,786. On February 20, the outstanding amount of the debt, dating from 1908 was $7,534,000; from 1918, $1,627,000; from 1920, $2,242,000.

COMMUNICATIONS. In 1921 vessels entered numbered 6071 of 1,120,010 tons; cleared, 5707 of 1,034,614 tons. In 1920 there were 153 miles of railway in operation, with 255 of private lines on the large estates.

GOVERNMENT. Under the constitution of 1908, the executive power is vested in a president, assisted by an electoral college for the term of 6 years, and with a cabinet, consisting of the president and 7 ministers; and the legislative power in a national congress consisting of a senate of 12 members and a chamber of deputies of 24. This system was in operation after Nov. 29, 1916, when the military government under United States naval officers was proclaimed. The military governor in 1922 was Rear-Ad. Samuel S. Robison. The president and the cabinet established, as noted below under his tory, toward the end of October, 1922, was as follows: President (provisional), Juan Bautista y Burgos; Foreign Relations. Angel Morales; Interior and Police, Jose del Carmenariza; Justice and Public Instruction, C. Armando Rodriguez: Hacienda and Commerce, Elaido Sanchez; Fomento and Communication, Octavio A. Acevedo; Agriculture and Immigration, Pedro A. Perez: Sanitation and Charities, Licenciado Manuel Maria Sanabia.

HISTORY

SUMMARY. The recent history of the republic will be found in preceding YEAR BOOKS, but relations with the United States are briefly summarized here for the convenience of the reader. The long internal disorders had left the country under a debt of about $32,000,000. In 1905, the American Secretary of State, Mr.

John Hay, proposed an arrangement, whereby, the United States should adjust that Dominican debts and administer the custom house revenue. This was refused on account of its providing for a United States protectorate, but a similar fiscal arrangement was made under the Roosevelt administration and a treaty signed Feb. 8, 1907, providing that the United States should administer the Dominican customs for the debt service during fifty years. Under eight years

of the American administration, the total debt was reduced to $21,500,000. There arose much friction on account of American intervention and there were further difficulties from internal dissension. When disturbances tollowed the deposition of President Jimenez in April, 1916, an American detachment of marines landed and suppressed the insurgents, Nov. 29, 1916, and the American officer in command announced that the republic was under American military administration. In 1919, the provisional president, Henriques Carvajal, visited Washington, to request that the individual liberty be restored in the republic. The American government then promised conditional withdrawal of the military and the transfer of administration, represented by a duly elected native governor; also announced the continuance of the financial arrangements of 1907, revised in order to provide for a new loan.

AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL. Measures for the American withdrawal were begun in 1922. A provisional arrangement was agreed upon at Washington, June 30, between the American government and a Dominican commission. It was arranged that a United States commissioner. Mr. Sumner Welles, was to report on political conditions before the American government agreed to the withdrawal of the marines. The latter were concentrated at two or three points and turned over the authority for maintaining order to the police. The American military governor. Rear-Ad. Samuel Robison, established a provisional government, October 21, to provide for the reorganization of the central and local government, the promulgating of the laws and the holding of elections.

THE NEW GOVERNMENT. The provisional president. J. B. V. Burgos, took his oath of office October 21. His cabinet is given above under Government. This brought to an end the American régime of occupation. The departments were turned over to the new ministry and the national palace was delivered over to the provisional government. October 22. The American military governor. Ad. Samuel S. Robison, with his staff sailed for the United States. October 24. American military forces to the number of about 1500 marines were still to remain in the island until a constitutional government should be set un in place of the present provisional one. The commanding officer of the American forces was Gen. Harry Lee.

DONAHUE, PATRICK JAMES. Roman Catholic bishop at Wheeling, West Virginia, died October 4. He was born at Malvern. England. April 15, 1849, came to the United States in 1873 and after studying law, practiced at Washington, D. C.. for several years. In 1882 he began to study for the priesthood and was ordained Dec. 19. 1885. He was afterwards chancellor of the archdiocese of Baltimore until 1891. He was then rector of the Baltimore Cathedral, and was consecrated bishop of the

Roman Catholic diocese of Wheeling, April 8, 1894.

DONELAN, JAMES. British specialist on diseases of the nose and throat, died, August 25. He was president of the section of laryngology of the Royal Society of Medicine 1918-19. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and during the late war did efficient service in the organization of British and colonial surgeons. He was a member of the Royal Italian Medical Commission for Recruiting, 1915-18. He contributed largely to medical journals.

DONOVAN, JOHN THOMAS. See NECROLOGY. DOURINE. See VETERINARY MEDICINE. DOW, ARTHUR WESLEY. Artist and professor of fine arts died in New York City, December 13. After 1904, he was professor of fine arts at Teachers' College, Columbia University. He was born at Ipswich, Mass., in 1857, studied at Boston and Paris, and was for several years curator of Japanese art at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Some of his paintings, especially a series on the Grand Canyon attracted much attention, as did also a series of color prints, which reproduced scenes in the neighborhood of Ipswich. From 1895 to 1904, he was instructor in art at the Pratt Institute, from 1897 to 1903, of composition in the Art Student League in New York City. Aside from the publication of the Ipswich color prints, he was the author of a work on Composition (1898) which passed through several editions.

DRAINAGE. See RECLAMATION.

DRAKE UNIVERSITY. An institution of the higher learning at Des Moines, Ia.; founded in 1881. The student enrollment in the autumn of 1922 was 1608, of whom 475 were in liberal arts; 468, fine arts; 341, education; 176, commerce; and 147, law. There are 78 members on the faculty. The library contained 40.000 volumes. President, Daniel W. Morehouse, Ph.D. DRAMA. The fact that theatrical seasons do not correspond with the calendar of YEAR BOOK surveys, which was pointed out under this heading in the previous volume, and the logical consequence of that fact-the splitting of the annual record into two portions, related to each other slightly if at all-received fresh confirmation in the course of 1922. Through the final months of the dramatic season of 1921-1922, the same spirit of perverse cross-purposes prevailed with which the YEAR BOOK survey of 1921 had concluded. The same sheep-like rush down any path that promised relief from financial disaster, which had characterized the opening of the season, persisted after the turn of the calendar year, only to result, for the most part. in even greater disaster, both financial and artistic. Out of this welter of aimless experiment, of futile revivals of successes of former years, emerged two events of prime and permanent importance to our stage: the arrival in America early in February, under the shrewd and daring sponsorship of Morris Gest, of Nikita Balieff and his Russians of the Chauve-Souris ; and the first production by the Provincetown Players of Eugene O'Neill's most powerful and provocative work to date, The Hairy Ape.

Reserving these outstanding moments of a confused spring season for further discussion, let us examine the spirit underlying the latter half of 1922. Something happened over the summer interval-a taking of stock, a steadying of purposes. There seemed to be a general and

instinctive realization that we were not yet fully ready for a theatre of our own, made with our own hands and urged by our own imaginations. We seemed to say to each other: "What we need is stimulus from abroad. We have profited by such a stimulus in hit-or-miss fashion for the last decade, but we have not consciously and deliberately selected and chosen it. By accident, it has come and worked among us like leaven. Suppose, therefore, we make up our minds just what we most require from Europe, send thither for a set of preceptors, and listen attentively and consecutively to what they have to say to us." Of course, no unrelated group of directors, such as stand in control to-day of the American theatre, could act consciously and collectively to carry out such a programme. The results, however, prove that there must have been at least subconscious realization on a widespread scale of this need, for not only had the American stage yielded itself to foreign tutelage as 1922 drew to a close, but as we look back over the earlier months of the year, we can detect here and there a foretaste of this development-the only slender link between the two natural divisions of the dramatic year.

Both of these phases of 1922 in the American theatre the period of "wild-cat" experiment and that of eager desire to learn from the elder stages of Europe-are indicative of virility and vitality, a state of health far different from the deadly indifference of the public and the artists to the theatre in London. British drama still stands under the pall of war and reconstruction, betraying its artificial connection with the life of the people, for elsewhere on the Continent where economic and political conditions are far worse, the theatre advances in the vanguard of life. London's ponderable output for 1922, therefore, was limited to a play apiece from the three living English playwrights of the first order: Loyalties, probably if not surely the masterpiece of John Galsworthy; Shall We Join the Ladies? by Sir James M. Barrie; and The Enchanted Cottage, by Sir Arthur Wing Pinero. Only the first of these was brought to America where it achieved the full measure of acclaim it deserves.

Before proceeding to individual analysis of the high lights of the two portions of the dramatic year, it will be well to dwell momentarily on several of the general features of the American theatre. A vague restlessness and dissatisfaction which had prevailed for several years crystallized during the 12-month in concrete experiments, most of which are still on trial but out of which something of permanent value should grow in time. The hue and cry for and against censorship resulted, strangely enough, in doing nothing one way or another about censorship as such but instead in a closer, more efficient coöperation among the producing managers themselves under just such an overlord as the motion pictures and professional baseball had previously arranged for themselves. Augustus Thomas, actor, playwright, and producer, was entrusted with this post to the satisfaction of every one concerned.

Another bone of contention ever since the actors' strike of 1919 was that the players should have their own theatre. In the spring of 1922, therefore, the Actors' Equity Association incorporated its own playhouse and producing staff and company and in the fall opened

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