the present year (1923). Actual figures for 1923 are hazy, but these estimates will offer an idea of what classes of building will predominate:

"During this year (1923) it has been estimated that 39 per cent of the total expenditure for construction will go into residential buildings; 15 per cent into public works and utilities; 15 per cent into business buildings; 11 per cent into industrial buildings; 10 per cent into educational buildings; 3 per cent into social and recreational buildings; 3 per cent into religious buildings; 2 per cent into hospitals and institutions; and 2 per cent into public buildings. "What is the situation to-day with regard to materials and labor, based on the figures for the past year? About $1,408,866,000, was spent for materials, and about $1,721,947,000, for labor from January 1 to Dec. 1, 1922, in the three most active quarters of the country. "Both the manufacturers and the workmen have found profitable increases in their business, and these increases are growing larger every day." The prediction that there will be a very profitable market for building materials, and continuous employment for building labor is based on the present building shortage of over two billion dollars, due to the check on normal building activity during the war. It is estimated that it will require five years of unusual building activity, beginning with the active year of 1922 to make up the shortage which exists at the present writing.

ARCTIC REGIONS. See POLAR RESEARCH. ARGENTINA. A South American republic lying on the eastern coast of the southern part of the continent, consisting of 14 provinces, 10 territories and one federal district. Capital,

Buenos Aires.

AREA AND POPULATION. Area, 1,153,119 square miles; population, Jan. 1, 1921, 8,698,516, as compared with 7,885,237 at the census of 1914. The movement of population in 1918 was as follows: Births, 271,980; deaths, 146,775. The immigrants numbered 50,662; emigrants, 59,908; in 1919 immigrants, 69,879; emigrants, 67,710; and in 1920, immigrants, 188,688; emigrants, 148.907. The number of immigrants by sea from 1857 to 1920 was 5,121,958. At the close of the year a committee appointed by the secretary of the treasury was engaged in the study of a project for opening up new lands to foreign settlers, whose numbers were increasing. Formerly the immigrants came chiefly from the southern part of Europe, especially Italy and Spain, but of late years there had been an increasing number of immigrants from Germany, Belgium, and the Slavic States, the Jews being the leading element from the latter. The committee was considering an increase in the portion of land allotted to settlers. The population of the larger cities was as follows: Buenos Aires (1914) 1,575,814; estimated Jan. 1, 1921, 1,676,041; Rosario (Sante Fé) estimated in 1918 at 235,000; Cordoba, estimated Nov. 30, 1918, 156,000; La Plata, estimated, 119,000; Avellaneda, 105,000; Tucuman, 100,000.

EDUCATION. Primary education is free, secular, and compulsory between the ages of six and 14, and is subsidized by the general and provincial governments. In 1921 the primary schools numbered 9,648 with 39,352 teachers and 931.422 pupils in attendance, a considerable increase in all three items over the preceding year.

Secondary education is under the general government and is carried on by 42 national colleges with 11,022 pupils and 1244 teachers. Along with these there are also 33 private institutions with 2959 pupils and 398 teachers. There were also 59 military schools, 82 normal schools, 37 schools for special instruction, etc. The National University of Cordoba in 1920 had 1603 students divided as follows: Law, 345; medicine, 840; dentistry, 157; pharmacy, 85; science, 104. Besides the National University of Cordoba there are national universities at Buenos Aires, La Plata and Rosario, the lastnamed founded in 1920 as the University of the Littoral; and there are also provincial universities at Santa Fé and Tucuman. The student body in institutions of higher learning increased during the period 1906–1921 from about 4,000 to about 12,000, the greatest increase being in medicine and engineering. There are museums at Buenos Aires and La Plata; a national meteorological bureau at Buenos Aires and a national observatory at Cordoba. Considerable progress has been made of late years in the care of backward children and youthful delinquents. There are regional asylums for backward children at Torres and Cordoba and there is a reformatory for homeless children at Olivera. At Buenos Aires a temporary asylum has been established for abandoned children who are gathered and classified. Special attention is given in the schools to children living at home who suffer from slight defects.

PRODUCTION. The chief sources of wealth are agriculture and stock-raising, the area available for these purposes being estimated at about 500,000,000 acres, equally divided between the two. In 1919-20 the total area under cultivation was placed at 62,500,000 acres. The following table shows the acreage and production in leading crops in metric tons in 1920-21:

The live stock estimates in 1920 were as folhorses, 9,366,455; lows: Cattle, 27,392,126; sheep, 45,303,419; goats, 4,670,130; pigs, 3,227,346; mules, 565,069; asses, 260,157. An census was taken in 1920. This industrial showed 48,779 factories, employing 410,201 persons, with a total capital of 1,787,662,295 pesos. By far the most important industry, both in number of establishments and in amount of capital, was food production, which had 18,983 establishments with a capital of 763,772,611 pesos. Other leading industries were building, with 8582 establishments and a capital of 216,182,262 pesos; clothing and toilet articles, with a capital of 160,326,029 pesos; and manufactures of furniture, wheels, etc., and the metallurgical industries and those related to them. The mineral resources are large and mining is Gold is worked in Cataextensively carried on. marca, San Juan, La Rioja, Santa Cruz; and silver and copper are worked in Catamarca. Comodore Rivadavia wells.

COMMERCE. According to the Director-Gen

The decline in imports was nominal rather than real since it was due largely to the decline in prices which, in the case of cotton textiles, fell off about 45 per cent; silk textiles, 35 per cent; bags and bagging, 24 per cent; while there were large declines in prices of edible oils, kerosene, and other petroleum products, iron in bars, etc. An estimate indicated that the fall in prices for all the imports averaged about 25 per cent. The chief trade in 1919 was with the following countries in their order: The United States and Great Britain, which far outstripped the others; France, Brazil, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Germany. For trade with the United States, see UNITED STATES, Commerce.

FINANCE. The budget committee of the chamber of deputies submitted the proposed budget for 1922, recommending that the law covering the budget for 1921, with certain modifications, be adopted for the ensuing year. Estimated expenditures of the administration were fixed at the sum of 548,209,254.66 paper pesos (one paper peso at par equals $0.4246 United States currency) in cash and 51,747,250 pesos in securities. Revenues from all sources were estimated at 551,931,685.25 pesos. On March 6 the Argentine Ambassador to the United States signed a contract with a New York syndicate of bankers for a loan of $27,000,000 to the Argentine government for five years at 7 per cent; the loan to be used for the payment of previous loans to the Argentine government. The paper currency continued to depreciate. According to a plan adopted by the Argentine Chamber of Commerce the type of exchange was to be fixed in current paper money, the fixing of foreign exchange in national gold having become a mere matter of routine and without any justification. In spite of the depreciation of the peso there were reports indicating steady improvement in the general economic situation with high prices for cereals and other products. At the close of the year the government was facing a deficit, estimated at 120,000,000 paper pesos. The total floating indebtedness including obligations of the various state railways, national sanitary works, arsenals, etc., was estimated at about 1,000,000,000 paper pesos. Plans were being made for the floating of three loans, of which the first would amount to 500,000,000 pesos in treasury bonds at 3 per cent. At that time it was intended to borrow only about 150,000,000 gold pesos.

RAILWAYS. The railway mileage open to traffic, Jan. 1, 1921, was 22,590, of which 3816 belonged to the state. The passengers carried in 1920 numbered 82,286,000, and the freight

amounted to 44,323,000 tons. The railways of Argentina, especially those owned by foreign interests, experienced a serious condition during the year. In addition to the general depression in business wages were advanced and the railways were required by law to provide pensions for the superannuated employees. When they attempted to increase their rates they were opposed by public opinion, particularly among the farmers, and the government refused the application for such increase after considerable delay. In the meantime the railways had increased rates without government sanction but were confronted with an order from the government to restore the former rates, and those that did not obey promptly were fined and in the end forced also to restore the lower rates. Certain increases later were considered by the government and a few were permitted, but live stock rates and season passenger tickets were not raised

The Argentine railways stood almost unique in that there had been no wage reduction but there was little prosperity. The Central Argentine was in the strongest financial position of any of the roads, paying a 4 per cent dividend out of its earnings for the fiscal year 1921 and 1922, and was not in controversy with the government over the matter of increased rates. In 1921 work was begun on the Argentine section of the Trans-Andean railway which was to be built by Argentina and Chile. Such a line would open up the rich northern provinces of Argentina and would afford a connection between the Argentine State Railway System and the Pacific, the governments interested to initiate the construction. The new Trans-Andean line as planned was to start from the city of Salta, Argentina, and extend to the port of Antofagasta, Chile, on the Pacific, crossing the main range of the Andes and following roughly the traditional Inca highway through the mountains. At its eastern terminus it would connect with the Argentine State Railway System, of which it was to form an integral part. The line over the Andes was carefully surveyed and it was found that the necessary grades could be surmounted without the use of rock sections. It is of meter gauge and was being laid with 80 lb. rails.

HISTORY. Late in the summer it was learned that the Argentine government had consented to join other South American nations in renouncing cable monopolies. This plan had been proposed by the State Department at Washington and the accession of Argentina removed the last difficulty in the way of free competition among cable companies in South America. British and American cable concerns were engaged in extensive developments which henceforth would have a free course. The question of the loan of $50,000,000 was decided adversely by the senate committee on foreign relations on the ground that the terms were to the disadvantage of the country. There was a considerable expansion in trade during the summer but by October it began to show a decline. Shipping and agricultural conditions were reported to be fair. The new president, Señor Marcelo T. de Alvear was inaugurated, October 12, during the celebration of the anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus and received congratulatory messages from the United States and South American governments.

The

MINERAL PRODUCTION. The value of the gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced by mines in Arizona in 1922, according to the estimate of the United States Geological Survey, was $65,219,000; the value in 1921 was $29,563,472. A marked increase was made in the production of all metals as a result of the resumption of activities early in the year at the large mines and smelting plants. The total, however, was not unusually large and did not approach the average of the last 10 years. The gold produced increased from $2,930,303 in 1921 to $3,618,000 in 1922 as a result of the increase in gold from the smelting and refining of copper ore. largest output of gold came, as in past years, from the United States Eastern mine, at Oatman, but the output of the San Francisco (Oatman) district decreased from $2,310,885 in 1921 to about $1,379,500 in 1922. The mine output of silver increased from 2 469,394 ounces in 1921 to about 4,760,000 ounces in 1922. Most of the silver was produced from copper ore mined in Cochise and Yavapaia counties. The mine output of copper increased from 185,034,194 pounds in 1921 to 418,000,000 pounds in 1922. The value of the output increased from $23,869,411 in 1921 to $56,029,000 in 1922. By May all the large smelting plants except the one at Clifton were active, and most of the copper mines except the Magna had resumed operations. The mine production of lead in Arizona increased from 6,541,433 pounds in 1921 to 14,080,000 pounds in 1922. The value of the output increased from $294,364 to $802,500.

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. A special session of the legislature was called by Governor Campbell in April and on his recommendation a State financial code was passed. This provided that henceforth, appropriations for carrying on the government must be included in a single appropriation bill accompanying the governor's budget. A large number of continuing appropriations were abolished, as were all special funds, with the exception of the permanent funds prescribed by law. These special funds

were now grouped in the general fund. It was also provided that no city agency should spend more than one quarter of its appropriations during any quarter of the year, without the joint approval of the governor and the auditor. Arizona was no exception to the rule of Demceratic success and returned to Washington, Senator Henry Ashurst and Congressman, Carl Hayden. According to the preliminary returns, George W. Hunt was electetd governor, along with the entire Democratic State ticket.

ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OF. A co-educational institution at Tucson, Ariz.; founded in 1885. The enrollment of the year 1922-23 was 1384 and for the summer session of 1922, 410. The income for the year was $80,030 and the library contained 45,000 volumes. A new addition of the year was the organization of the college of education. President, Cloyd H. Marvin, Ph.D. ARKANSAS. POPULATION. According to the Fourteenth Census of the United States, the population of the State, Jan. 1, 1920, was 1,752,204; estimated, July 1, 1922, 1,797,978. Capital, Little Rock.

AGRICULTURE. The following table is compiled from estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, covering the years 1921 and 1922:

D

tons, gals., pounds, a bales.

OIL PRODUCTION. Figures compiled by J. A. Brake, State oil and gas inspector, show that 708 wells were completed in the South Arkansas oil field in 1922, of which 615 were producers of oil, 22 were gas wells and 71 were dry holes. The total production of oil for the year was estimated as 15,869,635 barrels and the utilized production of gas at 210,000,000 feet. The quantity of oil shipped from the South Arkansas field in 1922 was estimated by the United States Geological Survey at 12,097,000 barrels. There were large quantities of oil in storage. The consumption of natural gas in the Fort Smith field was estimated at 10,000,000 feet a day.

FINANCE. Receipts of the State during 1922 were $7,010,855.27; expenditures $6,696,571.68. The total State debt was $2,498,166.67.

EDUCATION. The total school population in 1922 was 684,649; enrollment 509,351; attendance 367,516; number of teachers 11,758; average salary $80. The total amount spent for education during the year was $8,946,237.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. At the end of 1922 there were in the State Hospital for Nervous Diseases 2376 persons. There were

233 in the Confederate Home. The Deaf Mute

tion was held on October 3. Governor T. C. McRae, who had in the August primary defeated Judge E. P. Toney of Lake Village for the Democratic nomination for governor, received 99,987 votes to 28,055 for John W. Grabiel, Republican, of Fayetteville. A proposed constitutional amendment to provide new initiative and referendum machinery was defeated, 61,112 to 38,690; a proposed amendment to remove the 12-mill limitation on local school taxes and to make other changes in the educational system was defeated, 88,703 to 14,384; a proposed amendment for the taxation of personal property by improvement districts was defeated, 71,811 to 28,813.

OFFICERS. Governor, Thomas C. McRae; Secretary of State, Ira C. Hopper; Treasurer, Joe Ferguson; Auditor, James Guy Tucker; Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture, Jim G. Ferguson; Chairman of the State Highway Commission, Herbert R. Wilson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, A. B. Hill; Adjutant General, H. L. McAlister.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, E. A. McCulloch; Associate Justices: Carroll D. Wood, J. C. Hart, Frank G. Smith, T. H. Humphreys.

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF. A co-educational State institution at Fayetteville, Ark., founded in 1871. It comprises colleges of arts and science, education, engineering, agriculture (including an experiment station) and medicine, the last-named being at Little Rock. The enrollment for 1922-23 was 13,000 and for the summer school of 1922, 754. The faculty numbered 125, as compared with 93 in 1921-22. The number of volumes in the library was 40,000, an increase of about 34,000 over the preceding year. The following changes in the course of the year may be noted: The University was placed on the approved list of the American Association of Universities; plans for a new gymnasium were formed and the funds were partly raised. President, John Clinton Futrall.

ARMAMENTS, CONFERENCE ON LIMITATION OF. See WAR OF THE NATIONS, and NAVAL PROGRESS.

ARMENIA. A term applied before the war sometimes to the territory occupied by the Armenians within the former Turkish empire and sometimes to the whole region in which Armenians were the dominant race element, but since 1918 applied specifically to the new state known as the Soviet Republic of Armenia, or the Republic of Erivan. In the former Turkish empire, the Armenians made up about 38.9 per cent, in the following vilayets: Erzerum, Tiflis, Kharput, Diarbekr, Sivas, and Van, being in the minority in the first five and in the majority in the last-named. Owing to the massacres, deportations and migrations of the last few years, the

Y-B-22-3

ARMENIAN REPUBLIC OF ERIVAN. The territory of this new Armenian republic consists of the southeastern frontier region of Trans-Caucasia which formerly belonged to the Russian empire. In November, 1917, the whole TransCaucasian region, comprising the three main peoples, Armenians, Georgians, and Tartars, refused to recognize the Bolsheviki and in February, 1918, they sent representatives to an assembly known as the Diet of Trans-Caucasia which declared the Federal Democratic Republic of Trans-Caucasia independent of Russia. The three parts of this federation, namely Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, soon separated, and Armenia and Georgia each declared its independence, May 26, 1918. The Armenian Republic of Erivan was then constituted and in January, 1920, its de facto independence was recognized by the Allies and its de jure independence was recognized in the Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey. It fell completely under Soviet influence and on April 21 was proclaimed a Soviet republic. The area has been given at 15,240 square miles and the population at 1,214,391. Capital Erivan, with a population of about 90,000. Batum, with a population (1915) of 25,020, was declared a free port in an agreement betwen the Caucasian states in the summer of 1921.

RELATIONS WITH THE TURKISH NATIONALISTS. Recent events in the history of the Armenian populations may be briefly summarized as follows: In Cilicia there was a panic among the Armenians in December, as noted in the preceding YEAR BOOK. The British and French had encouraged their entry into Cilicia and some 500,000 had immigrated there. At Adana the French had organized armed forces for service against the Turkish irregulars who were harassing the French outposts. As a result of the irregular warfare of the Turks, a large amount of the richest land of Cilicia was laid waste, and, meanwhile, the bitterness between the Turks and the Armenians increased. Then on Oct. 20, 1921, the French envoy, M. Henri FranklinBonillon, signed the Franco-Turkish Treaty at Angora whose terms are described in the preceding YEAR BOOK. In general they included the surrender by France to the Angora government of a strip of territory beginning with Cilicia and extending to the east as far as Mosul. The announcement of this treaty threw the Armenians into the panic noted above, since the French evacuation would leave them at the mercy of the Turks. The Angora government, however, proclaimed an amnesty to all Armenians who had taken part in the French campaign, exempted Armenians from service in the Nationalist army and even from the requisitions which had been exacted from the other Ottoman subjects, and guaranteed their security. At the same time, the Angora government sent two of its leaders, the military commander, Muhedden Pasha, and a political officer, Hemid Bey to direct the occupation, The Turkish occupation was to have begun Dec. 1, 1921, and ended by Jan. 4, 1922. On November 20 Muhedden and Hemid published a proclamation which was intended to allay the fears of the Armenians, and on November 22 they repeated their assurances to an Armenian deputation. On November 25 they met another deputation of Armenians, and let it be understood that while

the Angora government had a right to forbid the departure of the Armenians from Ottoman soil, since they were Ottoman subjects, it did not attempt to keep them against their will. The Armenians withdrew in great numbers from Cilicia. According to reports, the Turks were keeping their abandoned homes open for them, provided they returned within a year. ARMSTRONG, SIR ANDREW HAWEN. See NECROLOGY.

ARMSTRONG, THOMAS MANDEVILLE EMERSON. See NECROLOGY.

ARTILLERY. See MILITARY PROGRESS, NaVAL PROGRESS, etc.

ASHTABULA, O. See MUNICIPAL OWNER

SHIP.

ASIA. See CHINA, JAPAN, and the other articles on the other subdivisions of the continent. See also the articles ANTHROPOLOGY, and EXPLORATION.

ASIA MINOR. See ANATOLIA and TURKEY. ASPHALT. The sales of native asphalt and related bitumens in the United States in 1921 increased 49 per cent in quantity and 64 per cent in value over those in 1920. The sales of asphalt manufactured from domestic petroleum, however, decreased 11 per cent in quantity and 25 per cent in value and the sales of asphalt manufactured in the United States from Mexican petroleum decreased 13 per cent in quantity and 18 per cent in value. The following table shows native asphalt and related bitumens sold in the United States, 1916-21:

ASTRONOMY. The second meeting of the International Astronomical Union was held at Rome, May 2-10. Among the numerous topics discussed was that of a proposed fundamental radio longitude net for the world; Sampson, however, had found that the observatories frequently have systematic discrepancies, of the order of 0.2 second, between wireless time signals and observatory time determinations; geodesists do not find these large errors in their field work, and ascribe them to irregularities of refraction due to the walls of the observing room. The committee on reform of the calendar reported in favor of continuing the Gregorian calendar and omitting one day in each year (two in leap years) from the weekly reckoning, but the Union dropped the matter entirely. Astronomical telegrams hitherto distributed from Uccle were henceforth to be sent from Copenhagen. The Harvard system of spectra was considerably amplified in the way of notation; and a set of three-letter abbreviations for the names of the constellations was adopted.

ASTROPHYSICS. Progress in astronomical research continued unabated at the Mount Wilson Observatory. Seares found a progressive change of absolute stellar magnitude with spectral type, ranging from 1.6 for Bo to +9.8 for Ma; for the same sequence of types the geometric mean masses for single stars, derived from the hypothetical absolute magnitudes of binaries, vary

progressively from 10 to 0.6 (sun-unity); later type dwarfs are considerably hotter than giants of the same type, and about 500,000 times as dense; surface brightness ranges from 4.8 for stars at the lowest temperature to 2.7 magnitudes at the highest (sun = 0). In the main, these results support Eddington's theories of giants and Cepheids, and tend to confirm the empirical proportionality of mass to radius. Also, the mean energy (mean mass times mean square space-velocity) for all types of dwarfs from AO to Ma is practically constant, in spite of a variation in mass from 10 to 1. Adams and Joy devised a spectroscopic method of determining the absolute magnitudes and parallaxes of the white (A) stars, hitherto intractable by such methods, permitting 544 of these to be immediately utilized for parallax work.

Russell, King, and Noyes continued theoretical and laboratory investigations on Saha's theory of ionization, confirming and extending the theory; Saha has further developed his theory to take account of some discrepancies with observation revealed by Russell. It has long been clear that the temperatures of the stars must be the main factor in their spectral differences, so that if we could heat up a red star the numerous metallic lines would fade out and the lines of helium, nitrogen, etc., appear; recent laboratory work has shown, however, that much more violent treatment than is ever received in the atmospheres of stars would be required to effect a transmutation of elements; but with the discovery that ionization changes the spectra of the elements completely, the explanation of the problem is in sight. As we pass from the cooler to the hotter stars, we find the easily ionized atoms of the metals losing one electron; as the percentage of ionized atoms grows, the ordinary lines of the metals grow weak and vanish, while the spark lines appear and strengthen; at still higher temperatures, the fonized atoms lose a second electron, and pass into a state where they give rise to practically no lines at all in the visible portion of the spectrum, while the lines of hydrogen and helium, difficult to excite at low temperatures, appear. H. H. Plaskett has found a star, probably the hottest known, in which the temperature, about 22,000° C., is so high that even the helium has become all ionized and its lines have disappeared. The conspicuous differences in stellar spectra may thus be explained without having to assume any chemical difference in the composition of the absorbing atmospheres of the stars. Russell and Stewart have concluded that the lines are produced in the outermost, highly rarefied, regions, of stellar atmospheres; deep in the interior of the stars the temperatures may run to the millions in degrees, and there the atoms of one element may be changed into those of another element, with the liberation of vast amounts of energy.

Nicholson and Pettit have developed an accurate method of measuring the total radiation of stars, and find that the total radiation from certain red variables of the eighth magnitude is as great as that from white stars of the second magnitude; the Md stars have an extraordinarily great proportion of infra red radiation, clearly indicating their low temperature (about 1700°). Abbot, by means of improved spectrobolometric apparatus, has succeeded in obtaining the distribution of energy in stellar spectra;