the Val di Sinigalla. The former derives its name from the noise produced by the Acqua di Tamburo, which contains such large quantities of carbonic acid gas that its escape is accompanied by a sound resembling that of a drum. This water varies in temperature from 155° to 210° Fahr. At the entrance of the same valley is the Acqua Ferrata, which is now neglected. The Acqua AuriferaArgentea is a very ancient spring, commemorating by its name the belief of the early colonists that it contained gold and silver. In the Val di Sinigalla, rising in the bed of the Ruscello della Pera, is the Acqua Spenna-pollastro, a water with a temperature varying from 167° to 180°. It derives its name from its singular property of softening the skin of fowls, and so rendering easy the operation of plucking. The Acqua Colata, with a temperature of 178, is a strongly alkaline water, which the peasantry use for bleaching linen. The Acqua Cociva, with a temperature varying from 178° to 190°, derives its name from its use in cooking, for which purpose the peasantry collect it in holes excavated in the earth. The Acqua della Sciatica gushes from the top of a rock at the entrance of the valley. It has a temperature of 144°, but it is now superseded by waters of greater power. In another ravine on the W. of Casamicciola is the Acqua della Rita, which had great celebrity in the 16th cent. Its temperature at the source varies with the season from 149° to 158°. It is employed externally in local weakness arising from sprains and fractures; the peasantry use it in washing and cooking. Higher up and behind the Hotel Bellevue, on the declivity of the Monte Epomeo, are the Fumaroli and Stufe de' Frassi and di Monticeto, the former emitting vapour at the temperature of 126°, the latter at that of 203°. Casamicciola is celebrated for its manufactures of bricks, tiles, and pottery in general, which are ported to Naples, the kilns extending along the shore to the Punta di Perrone, the clay employed being brought from the ravines descending from Monte Epomeo, Excursions.-Very pleasant walks and drives can be taken over the island from Casamicciola. Some of the most interesting excursions are:- -1. The ascent of Monte Epomeo-donkey and boy, 5 fr. 2. To the town of Ischia, by Bagno d'Ischia, and returning by Monte Rotaro, 2 fr. 3. To Forio, by the main road, returning by Lacco, 2 fr. 4. The tour of the entire island, 6 fr. Its The Ascent of Monte Epomeo may be made by a good walker direct from Casamicciola up the steep mountain path in 1 hr. If the usual road for donkeys is followed it will take from 2 to 3 hrs. Following this road, we pass by the bathing establishments of Casamicciola, and a short distance farther on along the road to Ischia, turn to the rt., up a rough winding road which brings us to Monte Rotaro on the 1. This most perfect specimen of an extinct crater is well worth turning aside to see. sides are thickly clothed with the arbutus, the myrtle, the broom, the lentiscus, and other trees. "Such is the strength of its virgin soil," says Sir Charles Lyell, "that the shrubs have been almost arborescent; and the growth of some of the smaller wild plants has been so vigorous, that botanists have scarcely been able to recognise the species." This crater is supposed to have been raised by the eruption which expelled the Erythræan colony. The torrent of lava thrown out from its base crosses the road between Ischia and Casamicciola, and may be traced to the sea by the masses of pumice and ashes which encumber the surface. A torrent has broken down the N. of the cone, where its structure may be examined. It is composed of beds of scoriæ, pumice, and lapilli, in which vast blocks of trachyte are imbedded. A winding path leads down to the bottom of the crater. The road now skirts the W. side of ex-Monte Rotaro, and passes on the 1. the fine extinct crater of Monte Montagnone. Beyond is a beautiful view over the sea to Capri. Leaving the road, we turn up a path, skirted for some distance by an aqueduct, which con Lacco (1593 Inhab.), a pretty village, beautifully situated in a Cove on the seashore below Casamicciola. Its population are chiefly employed in the tunny fishery, and in the making of straw hats and baskets. Just outside the village, to the N., are the ch. and convent of S. Restituta, the patron saint of the island, whose festival, a great event in the year, takes place on the 17th of May. The body of the saint, who suffered martyrdom in Africa, by being inclosed alive in a case, and thrown into the sea, was cast ashore in the little bay of S. Montana, beyond the present ch., where grows in the sandy soil a flower (Squilla maritima), called by the islanders the Giglio di Santa Restituta, from the tradition that it first sprang up on the spot where the body of the saint was cast; they also say that it will not grow anywhere else. veys water from Epomeo to the [ however, to diverge to the rt., and town of Ischia. The vineyards are descend to now left behind, and the way lies through chestnut groves, and then over bare rocky ground. Skirting the S. side of the mountain, beneath the principal peaks, we ascend in zigzags to the Hermitage of S. Nicola, by which name the mountain is more generally known. It is a sort of underground monastery, formerly occupied by several monks; but now tenanted by a solitary anchorite, who keeps a visitor's book, in which, on payment of a small fee, the traveller may inscribe his name. Some wine and bread may be obtained here. The best point of view is from the Belvedere, a sort of rocky battlemented platform, a few yards higher than the hermitage. The panorama that here spreads itself out before one, on a clear day, is most glorious. To the S. and W. the horizon is bounded by the sea, in which lie floating the rocky islets of Ponza and Ventotene; on the N. the coast line is visible as far as the Circean Promontory, and the eye rests in turn on Terracina, Gaëta, Cumæ, the Bays of Pozzuoli and Naples, and Vesuvius, the whole backed by the snowy range of the Abruzzi. Farther to the E. lie Sorrento and Capri, and beyond Monte S. Angelo glistens the Bay of Salerno. Immediately at one's feet the island falls away steeply on the N. in luxuriantly clad slopes down to the sea, and on the S. spreads itself out less abruptly, but more ruggedly, till it ends in a rocky beach line. The mountain is 2616 ft. above the level of the sea. It may be ascended from many other points in the island, the nearest of which is the village of Fontana, 1 m. distant on the S. (see below), thence Forio can be reached, and Casamicciola, which makes an agreeable change in the road, either going or returning. The direct descent to Casamicciola may be accomplished in an hour. The Tour of the Island will take about 8 hrs. In describing it we shall notice the principal villages of the island, all of which lie either on or close to the road. The main road leads direct round the base of Monte Epomeo to Forio. It is worth while, The high land N. of Lacco, the Monte di Vico, is formed of tufa; off its point a Tonnara is laid down every year, from May to October, when large numbers of tunnies and sword-fish are caught. The principal spring at Lacco, the Acqua di S. Restituta, temp. 135°, rises near the convent, and is collected for use in a convenient building, where the sandbaths, for which Lacco is celebrated, may also be taken. It contains a larger proportion of muriate of soda and muriate of potash than any other water in the island, and consequently requires to be used with caution. It is a powerful agent in the cure of obstructions, rheumatic affections, paralysis, and diseases of the joints. The Acqua Regina Isabella rises at the temperature of 106° in the garden of the convent. It contains a larger quantity of free carbonic acid gas than any water in the island, except the Gurgitello, with a considerable proportion of carbonate, sulphate, and muriate of soda. It is valuable in affections arising from a want of tone of the system, in scrofulous diseases, and in dyspepsia. The Stufe di S. Lorenzo, on the ridge which bounds the valley of S. Montano, W. of Lacco, near the road to Forio, is one of the most celebrated in the island. It is a natural vapour-bath, heated by steam issuing from crevices in the trachytic rock at a temperature of 135°. The Acqua di S. Montana rises at the foot of the lava current which has flowed from the Monte Marecocco, which forms the N.W. extremity of the island. Its temperature is 1310, and its medicinal properties correspond with those of S. Restituta. The ground around its source is so hot that it raises the thermometer in a few seconds to 1220. On the seashore at Lacco also, the sand, which is black and shining, is at all times so hot that a hole made in it becomes instantly filled with water at the temperature of 1120. Near the small islet called Capitello, off the marina of Lacco and at Mezzavia, it is sufficiently hot to raise the thermometer to 1710. Not far from Lacco, on the E. side of Monte Vico, was a large block of lava, bearing a Greek inscription, recording the construction of a fortified wall by the Syracusan colonists, before they were driven out by the eruptions. This very interesting record has been lost, the fishermen having removed it to sink their nets during the tunny-fishing season off the adjoining headland. The road from Lacco passes over the lava-stream of Monte Marecocco, forming the promontories of Cornacchia and Carusa, at the S. ridge of which is the Hermitage of Monte Virgine, to Forio (6176 Inhab.; Lodgings in the town and neighbourhood), the residence of the larger Ischian proprietors, occupying a picturesque position on the W. coast, and with a thriving little port. It is 3 m. distant from Casamicciola, and 2 from Lacco. At Ceriglio, one of the suburbs, in the Villa Paolone, is the Acqua di Francesco I., rising at a temperature of 1130, and resembling the A. Cappone in its smell of chicken-broth. It is used in dyspepsia and weakness of the stomach, in visceral obstructions of a chronic character, and in hysterical affections. The Acqua di Citara rises 1 m. S. of Forio, in a sandy bay near the high point called the Capo dell' Imperatore. It varies in temperature, according to the season, from 115° to 1240; in some years it rises to 140°. Its name, derived, as Dr. Ziccardi suggests, from KUTρLov, indicates its ancient celebrity, justified by modern experience, in the cure of sterility and in various forms of uterine disease. It is strongly aperient. Near its source are hot wells and ancient vapour-baths, which date probably from the time of the Greek colonists; but they are now disused. Monte Epomeo may be ascended from Forio, as it may also from Casamicciola; but the ascent is easier by way of Panza. There are several medieval towers at Forio, some square, others round, and an unusual number of churches, with numerous neat private residences, showing the prosperity of the place. The view from the platform of the ch. of S. Francesco, close to the sea, is very pretty. Striking inland, we reach, in 24 m. from Forio, Panza, beautifully situated in the of Epomeo. It was a favourite resort midst of vineyards on the S. W. slopes when the Aragonese kings had their inhabited chiefly by agriculturists. villa in its neighbourhood; it is now The road now strikes up the hill and becomes little better than a very rough mountain-path. In 2 m. Serrara is reached, and in 1 m. farther Fontana, whence the summit of Epomeo is only 1 m. distant, and may be reached from The views seaward Panza in 1 hr. from this point of the road are very lovely. The road now descends to the next village, Moropano, 2 m. from Fontana. Below, but nearer Serrara, is the promontory of Sant' Angelo, crowned by the ruins of a tower, which was destroyed by the British troops when they evacuated the island in 1809. Near the head of the ravine, at a short distance from the bridge of Moropano, is the Acqua di Nitroli. Numerous Latin inscriptions, dedicated to the Nympho Nitrodes, have been found in the neighbourhood. It issues from the lava at a temperature of 86°, and contains a considerable quantity of bicarbonate of iron. It is | Castle (permission to enter to be much valued in diseases of the kidneys obtained from the commandant), built. and in hypochondriasis, and is sup- by Alfonso I. of Aragon, stands on a posed by Jasolino to be the cause of the lofty isolated rock of volcanic tufa longevity of the peasantry of the dis- and ashes. It rises out of the sea trict, who resort to it as a remedy for opposite the island of Vivara, and is all kinds of maladies. In a ravine at a connected with the mainland by a mole short distance from the Marina of constructed on a narrow isthmus; the Maronti, is the Acqua d'Olmitello, which view from it is very fine. The town contains a large proportion of the car- stretches along the coast from this bonates of soda, magnesia, and lime, the mole as far as the Punta Molina, the sulphate and muriate of soda, and a termination in the sea of the lavaquantity of free carbonic acid gas. It current of 1302. is useful in visceral obtructions, in renal and urinary affections, and in cutaneous and other diseases dependent on a disordered state of the liver. The peasantry use it in injections to the ears in cases of deafness. In the adjoining ravine of Cavascura is the Acqua di Petrelles, which bears a strong analogy to the Gurgitello at Casamicciola: it rises at a temperature of 2030, and is used in chronic rheumatism. On the shore, near the Punta di S. Angelo, are several emanations of hot vapour, of such power that the sand in which they occur raises the thermometer to 212°. Farther on, at the little village from which they derive their name, are the Stufe di Testaccio. In one of the fissures from which the hot air issues the temperature is 1960, but that of the other sources, when closed, is not more than 1220. The next village we come to is Barano, 1 m., whence a road leads across the island by Monte Rotaro to the Bagno di Casamicciola. Beyond, on the E., is the cone of Monte di Vezza, and between that and the town of Ischia the Monte Campagnano, from which an ancient stream of lava may be traced. Passing through a narrow valley, the end of which is crossed by the aqueduct which conveys the water from Epomeo to Ischia, we reach the small village of S. Antonio, and thence in 3 m. from Barano, ISCHIA (6497 Inhab.-Inn: Locanda Nobile in the Piazza), the capital of the island. It is the seat of a bishop, but it has never recovered its prosperity since the eruption of A.D, 1302. Its The road which we now follow by the marina of Mandra crosses the trachyte current called the Lava dell' Arso, produced by the eruption of 1302. This lava, which contains a large quantity of feldspar, is still barren like the recent lavas of Vesuvius. There is no crater, properly speaking, now visible, but the point, bearing the significative name of Le Cremate, from which it issued, is marked by a depression in the surface, and by the vast heaps of scoriæ which surround it. The distance of this mouth from the_sea is 1m. Francesco Lombardi and Pontanus, who have left a description of the eruption, say that it lasted two months, that many inhabitants were destroyed, and others fled to the continent. Pontanus had here a villa, of which we find a memorial in the Acqua di Pontano, situated in a garden supposed to have formed part of the villa. Jasolino, who describes it under the name of the "A. del Giardino del Pontano," extols its efficacy in cases of gravel, strangury, &c. Since his time it has fallen into disuse; the temperature is 93°. A short distance beyond the lava current is Bagno d'Ischia, 1 m. from Ischia. Ferdinand II. erected a villa on the heights here, and reduced the small lake, supposed to have been a volcanic crater, into a refuge harbour, in which yachts of considerable draught of water can lie. Its situation is very beautiful; on one side of its shores is the bath establishment, and a neat modern church, above which rise the gardens of the once royal villa. On the N.E. of this little harbour are the Punta | Stufe di Cacciuto issue from the lava di S. Pietro, and the village of Bagno, consisting of a row of shops and fishermen's dwellings. The ascent to Monte Epomeo is easily made from here by a path between the volcanic cones of Montagnone and Monte Rotaro. There are 2 springs which constitute the Bagno d' Ischia, under the names of the Acqua della Fontana and the Acqua del Fornello. They rise from different sources, but are identical in their mineral characters, containing muriate of soda combined with the carbonates of soda and magnesia, and free carbonic acid gas. These are the waters to which Strabo is supposed to allude in his description of certain baths at Ischia, which were considered a cure for stone. They are highly stimulating, and are used in diseases which are complicated with atony, in sluggish ulcers, scrofulous swellings, and rheumatic affections of the joints. Their temperature varies from 131° to 138°. A bath-house has recently been erected here for the convenience of visitors. On the high ground above the lake is the fine extinct crater of Montagnone; and on the N.W. the Monte Taborre, separated by a ravine from the more ancient one of Monte Rotaro, which has been already described in the ascent of Epomeo. Monte Taborre is composed of trachytic lava, resting on a bed of clay, in which are found marine shells of some species still living in the Mediterranean. On the shore at the E. base of the Punta della Scrofa is the Acqua di Castiglione. Its temperature is 167° at its source, and from 100° to 104° in the reservoir. The sand on the shore near it is so hot that it raises the thermometer in a few minutes to 2120, and there is a hot spring in the sea itself at a short distance from the beach. The water of Castiglione is a tonic aperient, and is much used in stomach complaints caused by a languid state of the intestinal canal. The Stufe di Castiglione, situated on the hills above the baths, are vapour-baths which issue from orifices in the lava, at a temperature of 122° in the lower, and of 133° in the upper stufa, The |