and Pius II., destroyed the remnants of the Angevins in the Abruzzi, defeated Ruggierotto, who set his mother at liberty to plead his cause with Pope Pius II., who claimed the Contado for himself. But Ferdinand, to avoid a quarrel, granted it, in 1463, to Antonio Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi, the pope's nephew and his own son-in-law, as the dower of his natural daughter, Mary of Aragon. There is a road (18 m.) practicable for carriages from Avezzano by Celano to Popoli, whence the traveller may proceed to Rieti or Ancona (Rtes. 142, 143). It will take about 6 hrs., and proceeds through Coll' Armele, on a hill at the foot of which the ancient Cerfennia stood, and through the of Forca Caruso, Goriano-Sicoli, and Bajano. (Rte. 142.) pass A new road now leads from Celano to Aquila(23 m.)(Rte. 142.). It crosses the cold pass of Ovindoli to Rocca di Mezzo, in a dreary plain, and the only place which affords the least accommodation. Between Rocca di Cagno and Aquila we pass the medieval Castle of Ocra. Pescina (5156 Inhab.), on the side of a gorge watered by the Giovenco, and the seat of a bishop, still called Vescovo de' Marsi. Its chief object of interest is the old house, perched on a crag jutting over the ravine, in which Cardinal Mazzarin was born on July 14, From S. Benedetto the path 1602. follows the shore in a S. E. direction to Ortucchio (1529 Inhab.), once near the shore, and exposed to the rising of the waters and to marsh fevers; from both of which inflictions it has been freed by the draining of the lake. It has a picturesque old castle with a drawbridge well preserved. Beyond the mountain of San Niccolò, also in the S.E. angle, the town of Archippe, said by Pliny to have been swallowed up by the lake, is supposed to have stood. Farther on the mountains came near the former water's On an elevation about 4 m. edge. further stands a Trasacco (1400 Inhab.), supposed to be corruption of trans aquas; its abbey, dedicated to St. Cesidius, is said to have been erected on the ruins of a palace of Claudius; it is situated in a fertile plain From Celano, descending to the plain, abounding in vineyards, almond plan we reach It was a flourishing town under the Roman empire; in the middle it ages was called Marsica, and was the birthplace of Leo Ostiensis and Boniface IV.; but now it is a miserable hamlet near the bank of one of the branches of the Giovenco, the ancient Pitonius, a stream flowing into the lake from the valley of Ortona a' Marsi. Numerous remains, especially inscriptions, have been found in its neighbourhood, and during a long drought in 1752 considerable ruins were exposed, from which statues of Nero, Agrippina, Claudius, and Hadrian were obtained and carried to Naples. East of it, about 2 hours' walk from the lake, is tations, and cornfields. It has nothing of interest except some ruins of a Gothic building and a picturesque old tower, in which Oderisio, Conte de' Marsi, resided in 1050. Several interesting inscriptions have been found near it. A path of 6 m. leads to Luco (2650 Inhab.)-near the site of Penna-the Lucus Anguitiæ, or grove of Anguitia, the sister of Circe and Medea, commemorated by Virgil in the At a later passage already quoted. period the modern village grew up on the spot, which is called Anguitia in inscriptions, but whose inhab. are called Lucenses by Pliny. Its ancient walls may still be traced, and on part of them the ch. of Santa Maria, mentioned by Leo Ostiensis, was built. Anguitia is mentioned by Silius Italicus, as celebrated for the faculty of its inhabitants in charming snakes, which are still numerous hereabouts. tween the nave and the aisles, were evidently derived from Pagan edifices. The principal door is decorated with sunken panels. The pavement is composed of ancient mosaics, and numerous fragments of columns are preserved in different parts of the building. The view which it commands is very fine, embracing the plain of Tagliacozzo on the W., the valley of the Salto towards Rieti, and the entire basin of Fucino on the S. Beyond Luco, and before reaching | visible. The ch. of S. Pietro, of the the Incile, or mouth of the Emis- 13th cent., is upon the site of a temsary on the lake, there are two ple, the portico formed by columns of natural subterranean channels, into marble, and the Corinthian ones bewhich the water of the lake was absorbed with force and noise; the ancients believed that this water reappeared in the two fine springs known as the Laghetto di Sta. Lucia and of La Serena or Fonte Cerulea, in the valley of the Anio, and on the road from Tivoli to Subiaco, the former furnishing the water in ancient times carried to Rome under the name of Aqua Marcia. The name of La Pedogna, given to the spot, is considered a corruption of Pitonius, the Giovenco, which was once supposed to pass through the lake without mixing its waters with it. The chapel of S. Vincenzo may occupy the site of a temple dedicated to the deity of the lake under the name of Fucinus, which occurs in votive inscriptions discovered near the spot. of 3 m. N. of Avezzano is the village Albe (200 Inhab.), the ancient ALBA FUCENTIA, or ALBA MARSORUM, celebrated in the history of Rome for its fidelity to the Republic, and as the headquarters of the Legio Marsica, which Cicero eulogises in his Philippics. Alba occupied the treble crest of a hill; at present, the convent and ch. of S. Pietro, built amidst the ruins of the ancient city, stand on the first; an old tower of the middle ages, called Colle di Pettorino, on the second; and the modern village upon the third and highest. Alba was the place of banishment of Syphax king of Numidia, Perseus king of Macedonia and his son Alexander, Bituitus king of the Arverni, and other royal captives. Its walls, with remains of several towers, present one of the most perfect specimens of ancient fortification to be found in Italy. The polygonal blocks are so carefully put together that the interstices scarcely appear, and although the courses are irregular, the surface of the wall is perfectly smooth. The remains of an amphitheatre and of some baths are still In descending from Albe we leave, upon a hill on the rt. bank of the Imele, the village of Magliano (3923 Inhab.), in the midst of a district known in Roman times for its iron and copper mines; and join the road below, which is in very good condition as far as Tagliacozzo, along the line of the Via Valeria, passing by the hamlet of Capelle and Scurcola (3487 Inhab.), on the lower declivity of a hill, with a castle erected by the Orsinis in 1269, and bordering the Campi Palentini, close by the spot where the young Conra din, the last of the house of Hohenstaufen, and the flower of the Ghibelin chivalry, were defeated by Charles I. of Anjou, on the 23rd of August, 1268,-a battle which was followed by the execution of Conradin, and the preponderance of the Guelph party throughout Italy. The success of this conflict has been ascribed to the advice given to Charles by Alard de St. Valery, a French soldier, who was on his return from the Holy Land, and whose services on this occasion are commemorated by Dante: E là da Tagliacozzo Ove senz' arme vinse il vecchio Alardo. Inf. xxvIII. 17. "After the battle, the king," says Vasari, "sent for Niccolò da Pisa to erect a very rich church and abbey on the site of his victory, wherein should be buried the great number of men killed in the battle, and where, in accordance | connected Alba with Tibur, passing with his command, masses might be by (1 hr.) Rocca di Cerro, on a hill performed by many monks, night and bounding the pass on the N.W., and day, for the benefit of their souls; and commanding an extensive view of the the building being finished, Charles valley. From here the path descends was so well satisfied with the work that along the Mola torrent, leaving the he paid Niccolò great honours and re- hamlet of Colli on the rt. (in 24 hrs.) to wards." This Cistercian monastery, about a mile from the town, near the Telone torrent, is now in ruins, but it still retains the name of Santa Maria della Vittoria. An image of the Madonna, which was executed in France by order of Charles, and is covered with fleurs-de-lis, exists in the ch. of Santa Maria in Scurcola. 5 m. further across the Campi Palentini, following the line of the Via Valeria, along which there are ruined tombs, we arrive at 15 kil. TAGLIACOZZO (7409 Inhab.), the most important town of the district, situated on the rt. bank of a deep ravine in which the Imele takes its origin. The inn or tavern is wretched, but an introduction to the Mastroddi family will be sure to obtain admission into their hospitable palazzo on the piazza below the hill. Its fine staircase contains some marble fragments and Roman inscriptions. There are 2 Gothic churches in the town, of the 13th centy. 14 kil. Carsoli (5527 Inhab.; small Inn), with a ruined castle, which preserves the name of Carseoli, a station on the Via Valeria, the site of which may be traced in the vineyards about 2 m. below, after crossing the Turano, in the wood or Macchia di Sessara, and in the plain of Cavaliere, which is encircled by towns perched picturesquely on their hills. Great part of its walls, built of massive blocks, portions of towers, an aqueduct, &c., are still visible. Carseoli was for a short time the prison of Bitis, the son of a king of Thrace. Ovid, who passed by it on his way to Sulmona, tells us that it was a cold place :- Frigida Carseoli, nec olivis apta ferendis, The pavement of the Via Valeria still The excursion to the Cicolano dis-sulates of Nerva, and inscriptions, have trict (Rte. 142) may be accomplished from Tagliacozzo, following the valley of the Salto to where that mountain torrent joins the Velino, the line of the projected rly. to Rieti and Terni. Another may be made to the Sources of the Liris below the village of Cappadocia. The scenery is wild and romantic, and, the path being only 5 m., there will be time to see it after reaching Tagliacozzo, if the traveller be a good pedestrian. Mules or horses and a guide must be hired to proceed to Tivoli, about 30 m. distant. The path follows in great part the line of the Via Valeria,* which *The Via Valeria was opened by M. Valerius Maximus, about B.C. 260, from Tibur to Corfinium, and subsequently carried as far as Hadria. The stations on it were Tibur, Carseoli, Tivoli, Vicovaro. near Carsoli. been found in the plain and along the line of the Valeria,-one at Avezzano, recording the Collegium Dendrophorum, or corporation of woodcutters, who must have been of importance in a country so wooded as the Abruzzi. 1 m. beyond the ruins is Cavaliere, the former Neapolitan frontier station. There is a tavern, where some refreshment may be obtained. Beyond this, following the Valeria for 3 m., we reach, in 1 hr., Arsoli (Arsula), the former Papal frontier station, and afterwards Roviano, a castle of the Sciarras, close to the rt. bank of the Anio, parallel to which the road runs to S. Cosi- and if one has been ordered fro Tivoli, the traveller will save a ride 16 m., and may employ the time th gained by visiting Licenza and t Sabine farm of Horace, near Roc giovine, 6 m. on the rt. 2 m. from Cosimato is Vicovaro, the ancient Va and 6 m. further Tivoli. Descripti of all these places will be found in Handbook of Rome, Environs. | mato. A bridle-path on the rt., avoiding the circuitous route by Arsoli, ascends to Rio Freddo, another former frontier station, on a hill at the head of a deep ravine, through which runs a stream of the same name, that falls into the Anio and joins the other before reaching S. Cosimato. From Arsoli the road is practicable for carriages, and Tivoli may be reached in 4 hrs., § 1. ARRIVAL AT NAPLES. papers. Servants § 18. Carriages, Omnibuses, Boats $ 19. Baths . $ 20. Churches. of Languages, Drawing, Music § 22. Artists 888 horse, with a moderate amount of luggage (see tariff, p. 83). The best way to avoid any dispute is to tell (a) By rail.-The Station (Stazione the porter of the hotel on arriving to Centrale) is at the E. end of the town, just settle for the carriage. The station outside the Porta Nolana. (Fair Buffet.) porters are allowed to charge 20 cent. Omnibuses from the different hotels (for each heavy article of luggage, and fr.) meet all the trains. Cabs in 10 cent. for each light one. abundance: the fare to most of the hotels is 1 to 1 franc for a one-horse vehicle, and 2 to 24 francs for a two Families, and especially ladies, will do well to write beforehand to the hotel they intend going to, and have a carriage |