tending to remove the bad name which Naples had not undeservedly acquired for typhoid fever. This was often prevalent here, though at times no doubt the reports were much exaggerated, and could not unfrequently be traced to interested motives. Travellers should always endeavour to test the accuracy of the reports spread about at Rome and elsewhere, especially at the end of the season, respecting the existence of fever at Naples as an epidemic.

Connected with sanitary matters, it may be well to warn foreigners against a gross imposition often practised upon them by hotel and lodging - house keepers at Naples, in case of deaths taking place in their houses. The following extract from a letter of the 'Times' correspondent on the subject, contains a true statement of facts.

not an hospital, that the doctor had him removed to the public hospital, where he shortly afterwards died.

On the whole, it may be said that in the season of the winter and spring, when the place is most frequented, the climate is sufficiently treacherous to make travellers cautious always to carry something to serve as an OCcasional wrap, especially when sightseeing in the churches, catacombs, and museums, and the traveller will do well to remember that over-fatigue and want of care in such a climate may tend to lay the foundation of diseases which do not manifest themselves till a considerable time after.

In respect of situation, the healthiest quarter of the town is said to be that in the neighbourhood of the Museum; and of late there is a tendency to seek the high ground of the Corso Vittorio Emanuele, where most of the new hotels are built, but if the traveller, from motives of convenience for sightseeing or otherwise prefer one of the many excellent hotels along the shore, it is a prudent precaution, during the present state of the drainage of the town, to select rooms on the upper floors.

"Not merely here (at Naples), but throughout Italy, an ignorant prejudice exists that consumption is an infectious malady; and the consequence is that families, unable to afford it, who have had the misfortune to lose a friend by that malady, are heavily mulcted under the excuse of scraping and repapering the walls and removing the furniture, a process rarely carried out. A case has lately occurred of a gentleman dying of consumption, after § 6. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 15 days' residence, in one of the first hotels; when, on coming to settle the The foreign trade of Naples is not bill, a charge was tacked to it of In-so considerable as might be expected demnité pour réfection des meubles et from a city of its size and importance; de la chambre occupée par le defunct, it has, however, been gradually in100 livres sterling.' The demand was creasing of late years, especially with resisted, and 30l. accepted. There is Great Britain. According to the conno civil law to enforce such a claim; sular returns the value of the exthere exists, therefore, only the consue- ports for 1872, only amounted to tudinary law, which is only in force 1,487,2301., of which 857,2551. was when a contract has been previously to France and Algeria, and 349,5801. entered into. Still the prejudice lin- to Great Britain and the Colonies. gers, or is rather used as an excuse for These exports consisted principally mulcting the foreigner. The medical of dried and green fruits, madder faculty of Naples reject the idea of roots and liquorice, hardware and consumption being infectious.”—Times, coral, gold work and coral ornaJanuary 14, 1867. ments, curriery and gloves, &c. The value of the imports for the same year amounted to 5,167,7137., of which 2,155,830. was from Great Britain and the Colonies, and 1,247,500l. from France and Algeria. Among the principal imports were:

Another illustration of this subject is furnished by the case of an English gentleman who, while lying dangerously ill of consumption at an hotel on the S. Lucia, was so shamefully neglected, on the plea that the hotel was

cotton

manufactures, colonials, iron, and other metals, grain, woollen manufactures, and silk.

Though a great number of employments are carried on at Naples, there are hardly any large manufacturing establishments. The principal industries are the making of woollen, silk, and linen stuffs, gloves, soap, perfumery, jewellery, earthenware, hats, carriages, maccaroni, &c. The manufacture of maccaroni is carried on chiefly in the towns and villages at the foot of Vesuvius. It is made from the finest white flour, mixed with water, and kneaded with heavy wooden blocks, wrought with levers; when sufficiently firm it is forced through holes each with a spindle in the centre, which thus forms it into hollow cylinders. It is named according to the size of these holes, maccaroni, vermicelli, &c. Many of the people earn a livelihood by fishing. They are a very amphibious class, and may be seen on the Marinella standing beside their boats in the water for an hour at a time, or lying on the beach, and basking in the sun, regardless of the stench arising from the sewers which empty themselves into the sea.

The sellers of iced water (acquaiuolli) are very numerous in the summer, and do a brisk trade. Their stalls are generally at the corners of the principal thoroughfares, and are provided with tubs full of snow or ice in which the water is cooled, and pyramids of lemons and oranges, besides bottles of various sirops. A glass of water with lemon-juice costs 5 c. There are also itinerant sellers of iced water.

§ 7. GATES.

The Porta Capuana stands on what was the high road to Capua before the new one by Capodichino was opened. It is decorated with the arms of Ferdinand I. of Aragon, by whom it was erected, as well as the walls of the city in this quarter. It was restored and decorated by the Florentine Guilio da Majano, in 1495, and further additions made in 1535, when Charles V. made his entry into Naples. The bas-reliefs and statues of St. Agnello and San Gennaro were then placed over it. The two towers which flank the gate are of the time of Ferdinand I., and were called L'Onore and La Virtù, names still inscribed upon them. In 1658 the alterations to the gate greatly destroyed its character.

The Porta Nolana, situated at the extremity of the Strada Egiziaca, opens on the Corso Garibaldi, and the road leading to Nola. It is also flanked by two round towers, which were called Santa Fe and Speranza, and has a bas-relief of Ferdinand I. over it. Immediately beyond is the Central Rly. Stat.

The Porta del Carmine, which stood near the Ch. of S. Maria del Carmine, has been removed, to widen the thoroughfare leading to the rly. stats. On each side of its site remain its two massive round towers, bearing the names of Fidelissima and La Vittoria. There are several remains of round towers between this gate and the Porta Capuana, forming portions of the Arragonese wall on the E. side of the city.

The Porta Medina, in a street on the W. of the Toledo, was built according to its inscription by the ViceWith the exception of a few frag- roy Duke de Medina, in 1640, from the ments of its wall and ditch, Naples re-designs of Fansaga, at the expense of tains little of its medieval fortifica- the inhabitants of the quarter. tions but its 3 castles and a few of its The other gates are the Porta Alba, so modernised gates, which, being sur-called from the Viceroy Duke of Alba, rounded by streets and houses, are now but more generally known by the name within the city. They each have a bust of Porta Sciuscella, in the Largo Spirito of S. Gaetano placed over them in con- Santo; and the Porta di San Gennaro, sequence of a vow of the municipality near the Piazza Cavour. These gates to that saint during the plague in 1656. offer little interest.

The other entrances to the city which | lightning and rebuilt in 1656, and lastly have no gates are the Strada del Campo, reduced to its present form in 1843. and the Strada di Capodichino, both of Charles III., in 1740, completed the which lead to the point called Il Campo, harbour by carrying a pier to the where the roads to Caserta and to N.E. nearly as long as the mole itself, Capua branch off;-the Strada di Ca- leaving the lighthouse at the elbow podimonte, leading to the Palace of the and converting its whole length towards same name, and thence into the road the sea into a heavily-armed battery. to Capua by Aversa;-the Strada di Under this pier are moored passenger Posilipo, and of the Grotta, both leading and mercantile steam-vessels. The to Pozzuoli and Baiæ. harbour itself has suffered, like the Porto Piccolo, from the accumulation of the sand and mud, but it has still 3 or 4 fathoms water in its deepest part. It is considered safe, as ships when once within the mole are protected from all winds; but the heavy swell which rolls into the bay after

§ 8. PORTS.

Naples has three ports, the Porto Piccolo, the Porto Grande, and the Porto Militare.

The Porto Piccolo, although now only adapted for boats and lighters, is histo-a. S. W. gale makes it sometimes difficult to enter. A much more rically interesting, as the last remnant extensive port is projected, and in proof the ancient port of Palæpolis. It extended inland as far as the site now oc- gress, off the E. extremity of La Marinella, which will include a considercupied by the Ch. of S. Pietro Martire. able area of the present roadstead, the Hence the whole of this district of the foundations of the piers having been city is called the Quartiere di Porto. laid in May, 1862, by the late King Vic. The foundations of an ancient lighthouse are to be seen near S. Onofrio de' Vecchi, and gave to a small street adjoining the name of Lanterna Vecchia. The harbour which now remains is little more than an enclosed basin or

tor Emanuel. In 1872 there entered the harbour 305 British vessels (203 steamers and 102 sailing ships) with an aggregate tonnage of 161,711 tons.

rection for a distance of 1200 ft., to terminate in an arm bending to the N.E. The depth of water in this harbour is

The Porto Militare is exclusively for wet dock. On one side of it is the ships of war and yachts. It was begun Custom-house. On the point of the the Porto Grande forms its boundary. in 1826 by Francis I. The old mole of Molo Piccolo, which separates the on the N.E., and on the S. W. it is enPorto Piccolo from the Porto Grande, closed by a broad and massive pier is the Immacolatella, in which the Cap-running into the sea in a S.E. ditain of the Port and a branch of the Board of Health have their offices—the general landing-place from steamers. The district on the S.E. of this port is called the Mandracchio, a term in which some of the local antiquaries recognise the Phoenician designation of the old harbour, and others the original marketplace for herds, mandre, of cows. is inhabited by the lowest populace, whose habits have given rise to the proverb educato al Mandracchio.

It

The Porto Grande was formed in 1302 by Charles II., of Anjou. He constructed the Mole called the Molo Grande, which was enlarged by Alfonso of Aragon. At its extremity, at the close of the 15th cent., a lighthouse was erected, which was destroyed by

about 5 fathoms.

sometimes anchor within the head of Frigates and the smaller ships of war the Molo Grande; but the usual anchorage is about a mile S.S.E. of the from 25 to 38 fathoms. Yachts should lighthouse, where the depth of water is anchor at some distance to the E. of the saluting-battery.

§ 9. BRIDGES.

Although there are four bridges, so called, at Naples, there is only one which is properly entitled to the name, the others being viaducts which span

the valleys or depressions within the | in the Castel Capuano. Charles did city itself. In fact, there is only one not see it completed. His succesriver at Naples to require a bridge, and that is the Sebeto, the classic Sebethus, a small and shallow stream.

Nec tu carminibus nostris indictus abibis,
Ebale, quem generasse Telon Sebethide
nympha
Fertur, Teleboum Capreas cum regna teneret

Jam senior.

VIRG. EN. VII. 734.

The bridge over the Sebeto, called the Ponte della Maddalena, was built by

sors used it as their palace, being at that time beyond the boundaries of the city, and near the sea. About the middle of the 15th cent. Alfonso I. enlarged it by the addition of another line of walls and towers, protected by a deep fosse and round towers at the angles. Of the outer wall of Alfonso, these circular bastions are supposed to be the only portion now remaining, the greater part of the present Works being attributed to Don Pedro de Toledo, who built the square bastions about 1546. The castle consists of 5 towers of great diameterThe Ponte di Chiaia is a viaduct, 3 towards the Piazza del Municipio, built in 1634, as a means of communi-2 towards the sea; the whole united cation between the hills of Pizzofalcone by a range of lofty edifices used and Sant' Elmo. It was rebuilt in its

Charles III. on the site of a more ancient one, called the Ponte di Guiscardo. It derives its present name from the neighbouring ch. of La Maddalena.

present form in 1838, and spans the great thoroughfare of the Strada di

Chiaia.

The Ponte della Sanità is a noble viaduct, built in 1809 by the French as part of the new road which they made from the Toledo to Capodimonte. It derives its name from the suburb of La Sanità, which is reputed to be one of the healthiest quarters of Naples.

The Ponte dell' Immacolatella, at the extremity of the Strada del Piliero, near the Molo Piccolo. It was erected by Charles III., and rebuilt in 1843 by Ferdinand II.

§ 10. CASTLES.

The Castel Nuovo, with its massive towers, has been sometimes called the Bastile of Naples, although its position near the port, and the isolated fortress which occupies its centre, give it a more general resemblance to the Tower of London.

as barracks. In 1735 Charles III.

reduced the whole to the form in which, with few exceptions, we now see it. In 1862 two of the round towers were demolished, in accordance with a decree of the Government, ordering every portion of the Castel pulled down, and in 1876 the TriumNuovo that could threaten the city to be phal Arch erected in 1470, in honour of the entry of Alfonso of Aragon into Naples in 1442, was pulled down to make room for new buildings.

The piazza is entered by the celebrated Bronze Gates, executed by the monk Guglielmo of Naples, and representing in various compartments the victories of Ferdinand I. over the Duke of Anjou and the rebellious barons. Imbedded in one of the gates is a cannon-ball, fired, according to Paolo Giovio, during one of the contests between the French and Spaniards in the time of Gonsalvo da Cordova. was fired from the interior of the castle by the French, who had closed the gates at the first notice of the approach of the Spaniards. The ball did not entirely penetrate the gate, and has since remained so imbedded within its metal covering that it cannot be removed though it can be turned round.

It

It was begun in 1283 by Charles I. from the designs of Giovanni da Pisa, in what was then called the French Inside the gates is a large quadrangle, style of fortification in contradis- surrounded by the ch., the barracks, and tinction to the German, which, we are a building which is said to date from told, was so displeasing to Charles | the time of the Angevine kings, and in [S. Italy.]

H