aroused, and camp-the subject, the predicate, and the direct object. These are absolutely necessary to the expression of the thought. Now if we examine the other words of the sentence, we observe that their function is to describe, to limit, or modify the meaning of one of the essential words. The word hoarse, for instance, describes the subject roar; the group of words of the cannon limits the subject roar to that of a particular thing-the cannon's roar; the word suddenly modifies the meaning of the verb aroused by telling the manner in which the roar aroused the camp; while the word sleeping describes the object camp by telling its condition at the time it was aroused. Now it is clear that the function of these words or groups of words is to give definiteness to the thought to round out the thought expressed by the essential parts of the sentence. Without the words hoarse and of the cannon we should be given no idea of the kind of it might have been the roar of a lion or of a waterfall. In one way or another, therefore, they modify the meaning of the chief parts of the sentence.

roar

A word or group of words, not an essential part of the sentence, used to describe or limit the meaning of some other word of the sentence, is called a MODIFIER.

EXERCISE 26

Point out the modifiers in the following sentences:

1. The Vicar of Wakefield's little habitation was situated at the foot of a sloping hill.

2. The thought of Deephaven will always bring to us our long, quiet summer days, the fresh salt air, and the glory of the sunsets.

3. The counsel of brave and generous men prevailed.

4. Europe, surprised into sympathy, sent her best and bravest.

5. From the thirteen parent colonies has been born this mighty republic.

6. The Bastile was the great terror of Paris.

7. It was a huge prison with impregnable walls and heavy guns commanding the city.

8. The French soldiers within made white flags of napkins.

9. These flags of truce were waved from the windows.

10. Thirty thousand men, armed with courage, besieged and conquered this mighty fortress.

11. In the nearest wood a soft twitter came from a single tiny bird.

12. Another voice answered it.

13. In a moment more the whole forest was one choir.

14. From flower to flower swift flew the journeying bees.

15. The well-remembered brook was frozen dry.

16. His father, silent, austere, inflexibly honest, taught Burns the value of reading good books.

17. His mother crooned over his cradle the old Scottish ballads.

18. A great multitude crowded the little town at his burial.

19. A great American poet has sung most sweetly of this Scottish

In these sentences there is not only a direct object upon which the action of the verb falls, but there is also a second object which receives the action of the verb. For example, in the first sentence the action of the subject I first reaches the direct object rose, and then passes on to Mary. In the second sentence kite receives the action of the verb before it passes on to me. The words Mary and me in these sentences

name the persons to or for whom the action is done-that is, the person reached indirectly by the action of the verb.

The person or thing that indirectly receives the action of the verb is called the INDIRECT OBJECT.

If the sentence, I gave Mary a rose, be changed so as to read I gave a rose to Mary, the word Mary is no longer the indirect object of the verb gave; the relation between the words gave and Mary is then expressed by the preposition to.

EXERCISE 27
I

Point out the indirect objects in the following sentences:

1. I built my soul a lordly pleasure house.

2. Lend me five shillings.

3. Show me the place where he lived.

4. Riches certainly make themselves wings.

5. I am rejoiced, sir, that you have given us the pleasure of your company on this occasion.

6. As for me, give me liberty or give me death!

7. It is quite easy for a man to get himself a reputation.

8. He giveth his beloved sleep.

9.

Old tunes

From instruments of unremembered form

Gave the soft winds a voice.

10. It is an ill wind that blows no man good.

11. Washington sent Hamilton his famous Farewell Address, asking him to revise it.

12. Time, young man, has taught us both a lesson.

13. It is circumstance and proper measure that give an action its character, and make it either good or bad.

15.

16.

He gave him of his Highland cheer,
The hardened flesh of mountain deer.

I give you shelter in my breast,

Your own good blades must win the rest.

17. About the middle of April Columbus arrived at Barcelona, where every preparation had been made to give him a solemn and magnificent reception.

Using the following verbs, write sentences containing in direct objects:

give, make, teach, lend, leave, prepare, fix, pass, make, build.

Appositives:

1. Edward VII, the king of England, was crowned in August, 1902. 2. James McNeill Whistler, the great American painter, died in 1903.

In the first sentence, observe that Edward VII and the group of words, the king of England, are different names for the same person; the king of England is used to explain more definitely who Edward VII is. Likewise, in the second sentence, the group of words the great American painter denotes the same person as the name James McNeill Whistler, telling who he was. The explanations, however, are not given in the form of assertions. They follow immedi

ately the words they explain, their use being indicated by their position in the sentence. Nor do they affect in any way the structure of the sentences in which they are found.

An explanatory noun or pronoun immediately following another noun or pronoun, and denoting the same person or thing, is called an APPOSITIVE.

Such a noun or pronoun is said to be in apposition with the noun or pronoun it explains. Apposition is from a Latin word meaning placed next.

EXERCISE 28
I

Point out the appositives in the following sentences, and tell with what noun or pronoun each is in apposition:

1. The queen sent her son, the prince.

2. For I, the Lord thy God, am a jealous God.

3. Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth is Mount Zion, the city of the great King.

4.

Silently, one by one, in the infinite meadows of heaven

Blossomed the lovely stars, the forget-me-nots of the angels.

5. The wind plays on those great sonorous harps, the shrouds and masts of ships.

6. I visited the ancient keep of the castle, where James the First of Scotland, the pride and theme of Scottish poets and historians, was for many years of his youth detained a prisoner of state. 7. James Monroe, the last President from the Revolutionary group of statesmen, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia.

8. It was a strange coincidence that Independence Day, the 4th of July, 1826, should mark the death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both signers of the Declaration of Independence, and later Presidents of the Union.

9. Alfred Tennyson, the great English poet, was born on the 6th of August, 1809, at Somersby, a little village in Lincolnshire.