painted glass-and neckcloths edged with lace, and a tradesman--(it was not a common thing in those laced ruffles over the hands. Before the revolution, days for tradesmen to eat fresh meat-)the justice from 5 to 600l. was the utmost of annual expendi- went out, saying, he would send the tradesman a ture in those families where carriages and corres- sallad for his lamb. He sent an overdue and unpondent domestics were kept. There were only paid tax-bill. Soon after, the tradesman met the two or three carriages, that is, chariots or coaches, justice near this place, and told him he would rein 1750. Chaises on four wheels, not phatons, turn his kindness; which he did, by hanging the juswere in use in families of distinction.

The history of Liberty Tree is said to be this: That a certain capt. McIntosh illuminated the tree, and hung upon it effigies of obnoxious characters, and that these were taken down by the liberty boys and burnt; and the tree thus got its name.

The Popes--A stage was erected on wheels; on this stage was placed a figure in the chair, called the pope; behind him a female figure, in the atti tude of dancing, whom they called Nancy Dawson; behind her Admiral Byng hanging on a gallows; and behind him the devil. A similar composition was made at the south-end, called south-end pope. In the day time the processions, each drawing with them their popes and their attendants, met and passed each other, on the mill or drawbridge, very civilly; but in the evening they met at the same points, and battle ensued with fists, sticks, and stones; and one or the other of the popes was captured. The north-end pope was never taken but once, and then the captain had been early wounded and taken from the field. These pope conflicts were held in memory of the powder-plot of Nov. 5, and were some sort of imitation of what was done in England on the same anniversary.

A man used to ride on an ass, with immense jack boots, and his face covered with a horrible mask, and was called Joyce, Jr. His office was to assemble men and boys in mob style, and ride in the middle of them, and in such company to terrify the adherents to royal government, before the revolution. The tumults which resulted in the massacre, 1770, was excited by such means. Joyce, Junior, was said to have a particular whistle, which brought his adberents, &c. whenever they were wanted.

About 1730 to 1740, there was no meat market; there were only four shops in which fresh meat was sold-one of them was the corner of State-street and Cornhill, where Mr. Hartshorn now keeps.Gentlemen used to go the day before and have their names put down for what they wanted. Outside of this shop was a large hook, on which carcasses use? to hang. A little man who was a justice of the peace, came one day for meat; but came too late. He was disappointed, and asked to whom such and such pieces were to go? One of them was to go to

1

tice up by the waistband of his breeches to the butcher's hook, and leaving him to get down as he could.

FROM BOTTA'S AMERICAN REVOLUTION. One of the most interesting works that has ever appeared as a history of "the war of the independence of the United States of America," was writ. ten by Mr. Charles Botta, an Italian, a translation of which has been made by Mr. George Alexander Otis. From these volumes we extract the two speeches that follow-previous to the insertion of which, it is necessary to give the “notice of the author" in relation to them. By way of preface to his work, Mr. Botta says—

"There will be found, in the course of this history, several discourses, of a certain length. Those I have put in the mouth of the different speakers have really been pronounced by them, and upon those very occasions which are treated of in the work. I should, however, mention that I bave, sometimes, made a single orator say what has been said in substance by others of the same party.— Sometimes, also, but rarely, using the liberty, grant. ed in all times to historians, I have ventured to add a small number of phrases, which appeared to me to coincide perfectly with the sense of the orator, and proper to enforce his opinion: this has happened especially in the two discourses pronounced before congress, for and against independence, by Richard Henry Lee and John Dickinson.

"It will not escape attentive readers, that in some of these discourses are found predictions which time has accomplished. I affirm that these remarkable passages belong entirely to the authors cited. In order that these might not resemble those of the poets, always made after the fact, I have been so scrupulous as to translate them, word for word, from the original."

On the 8th of June [1776], says Mr. Botta, a motion being made in congress to declare independence, Richard Henry Lee, one of the deputies from Virginia, spoke as follows and was heard with profound attention:

"I know not, whether among all the civil discords which have been recorded by historians, and

which have been excited either by the love of lib, have found among all other nations. And as at erty in the people, or by the ambition of princes, first our forbearance, and then our resistance, have there has ever been presented a deliberation more proved equally insufficient, since our prayers were interesting or more important than that which now unavailing, as well as the blood lately shed; we engages our attention; whether we consider the fu- must go further, and proclaim our independnece.— ture destiny of this free and virtuous people, or Nor let any one believe that we have any other op. that of our enemies themselves, who, notwithstand-tion left. The time will certainly come when the ing their tyranny and this cruel war, are still our fated seperation must take place, whether you will brethren, and descended from a commnn stock; or or no; for so it is decreed by the very nature of finally, that of the other nations of the globe, things, the progressive increase of our population whose eyes are intent upon this great spectacle, the fertility of our soil, the extent of our territory, and who anticipate from our success more freedom the industry of our countrymen, and the immensifor themselves, or from our def at apprehend heavity of the ocean which seperates the two states.er chains and a severer bondage. For the question And if this be true, as is most true, who does not is not whether we shall acquire an increase of ter- see that the sooner it takes place the better; and ritorial domision, or wickedly wrest from others that it would be not only imprudent, but the height their just possessions; but whether we shall pre-of folly, not to seize the present occasion, when serve, or lose forever, that liberty which we have British injustice has filled all hearts with indignainherited from our ancestors, which we have pursued tion, inspired all minds with courage, united all opinacross tempestuous seas, and which we have defend- ions in one, and put arms in every hand? And how ed in this land against barbarous men, ferocious long must we traverse three thousand miles of a beasts, and an inclement sky. And if so many and stormy sea, to go and solicit of arrogant and insodistinguished praises have always been lavished lent men either councils or commands to regulate upon the generous defenders of Greek and of Ro- our domestic affairs? Does it not become a great, man liberty, what will be said of us who defend a rich, and powerful nation, as we are, to look at liberty which is founded not upon the capricious home, and not abroad, for the government of its will of an unstable multitude, but upon immutable own concerns? And how can a ministry of stranstatutes and tutelary laws; not that which was the gers judge, with any discernment, of our interests, exclusive privilege of a few patricians, but that when they know not, and when it little imports which is the property of all; not that which was them to know, what is good for us, and what is not? stained by iniquitous ostracisms, or the horrible The past injustice of the British ministers should decimation of armies, but that which is pure, tem- warn us against the future, if they should ever perate and gentle, and conformed to the civiliza seize us again in their cruel claws. Since it has tion of the present age. Why then do we longer pleased our barbarous enemies to place before us, procrastinate, and wherefore are these delays? Let the alternative of slavery or of independence, us complete the enterprize already so well com- where is the generous minded man and the lover menced; and since our union with England can no of his country who can hesitate to choose? With longer consist with that liberty and peace which are our chief delight, let us dissolve these fatal ties, and conquer forever that good which we already enjoy; an entire and absolute independence.

these perfidious men no promise is secure, no pledges sacred. Let us suppose, which heaven avert, that we are conquered; let us suppose an accommodation. What assurance have we of the

"But ought I not to begin by observing, that if British moderation in victory, or good faith in trea we have reached that violent extremity, beyond ty? Is it their having enlisted and let loose against which nothing can any longer exist between Ameri- us the ferocious Indians, and the merciless solca and England, but either such war or such peace diers of Germany? Is it that faith, so often pledged as are made between foreign nations, this can only and so often violated in the course of the present be imputed to the insatiable cupidity, the tyranni- contest; this British faith, which is reputed more cal proceedings, and the outrages, for ten years re- false than Punic? We ought rather to expect, that iterated, of the British ministers. What have we when we shall have fallen naked and unarmed into not done to restore peace, to re-establish harmony? their hands, they will wreak upon us their fury and Who has not heard our prayers, and who is igno- their vengeance; they will load us with heavier Pant of our supplications? They have wearied the chains, in order to deprive us not only of the pow. universe. England alone was deaf to our complaints, er, but even of the hope of again recovering our and wanted that compassion towards us which we liberty. But I am willing to admit, although it is