seizure treasure usual usury vision; barrage camouflage garage - massage - mirage - Vosges.

The Tongue, Teeth, and Hard Palate Group

(ch-j-l-n-t-d)

The ch sound is essentially a combination of t and sh. It is made by placing the tip of the tongue against the hard palate, as in the production of t; then, as an unvocalized breath is forced against the obstruction, the tongue is quickly drawn back into the sh position, i. e., with the edges of its blade touching the hard palate and the inner surfaces of the forward grinders. This sound is represented also by t (nature, virtuous, etc.), tch (fetch, wretch, etc.), te (righteous), ti, (bastion, question, etc.), tu (unctuous, fatuous, etc.). The ch is silent in a few words, such as yacht, drachm, etc. The ch sound is sometimes vocalized, by mistake, resulting in jooses for chooses, etc.

The j sound is essentially a combination of d and zh. It is made in the same way as the ch sound, except that the breath is vocalized. The sound is represented also by dge (badge, bridge, etc.), dj (adjourn, adjust, etc.), g (gem, ginger, etc.), ge (age, rage, etc.), d, with e, i, and u (grandeur, soldier, verdure, etc.).

The sound is sometimes converted into a ch by failure to vocalize (chew for Jew, chump for jump, etc.).

The sound is made by arching the tongue so that the edges of its blade just touch the inner surfaces of the forward grinders, and the tip touches the hard palate about an inch behind the front teeth; and then forcing a vocalized breath around the obstruction. The is often silent before m in the same syllable

(calm, palm, etc.), and in a number of words such as could, talk, would, etc.

One of these

Two errors are of common occurrence. is due to lowering the soft palate and forcing the breath into the nasal passage, thus giving the sound a nasal quality. This same effect is sometimes produced simply by closing the nasal escape while making 1. The second error is due to relaxing the tongue and using a lip-rounding, which results in a virtual consonant w sound (fawu for fall, fiwu for fill, etc.).

The n sound is made by bracing the edges of the blade of the tongue against the forward upper grinders, with the tip of the tongue against the hard palate just behind the teeth, and then forcing a vocalized breath through the nasal passages. This sound is frequently represented by gn, kn, mn, pn (gnome, knot, mnemonics, pneumatic). Final n after m is silent (hymn, solemn, etc.).

An error common to n and the other nasal sounds, m, ng and nk, is failure to produce the proper nasal vibrations. This is sometimes due to a cold, or a chronic stoppage of the nasal passages, and sometimes to a habitual muscular contraction. With a nasal obstruction, whatever the cause of it, n becomes practically d (dight for night, fid for fine, etc.)..

The t sound is made by placing the tip of the tongue against the hard palate, just above the teeth, the edges of the blade being braced lightly against the forward upper grinders, and then jerking the tongue down as an unvocalized breath is forced against the obstruction. This sound is represented in a few cases by th (Thames, thyme), and frequently by the verbal ending ed (looked, passed, etc.). The letter t when preceded

by s is silent in the terminations ten and tle (glisten, listen, bristle, whistle, etc.); also in often, soften.

The error to be avoided in producing t is a thickening of the sound which results if the tip of the tongue is permitted to touch the teeth.

The d sound is made in the same way as t, with vocalization added. The letter is silent in Wednesday, handkerchief, and handsome.

This sound is subject to thickening as is the t sound. The tip of the tongue must be kept clear of the teeth.

EXERCISES FOR THE GROUP

chair - chalk - chap - charm - chase - cheat - check chick chime choose chop chore chose - chum church; achieve bachelor batches etching - flinching - hatchway

coachman

inches launches

munching Natchez - orchard - preaching - riches satchel teacher - urchin - witchery; arch bránch coach - ditch - each - fetch - gulch - inch - lurch - much notch - pinch - poach rich search such teach watch wretch.

jab - jangle - jar - jerk - jest - jig - jingle - joke jolly - jostle - jot - jovial - jump - jungle - jury - just juvenile; adjourn - adjust - agile adjust - agile - bulging

gauger - hegira injure - judging - lounger - major - object - pageant region - soldier - tragic - verger - wager; age - badge bulge cage dodge - edge - gorge gouge - hedge manage nudge plunge - revenge

lad lack lag - lamb learn least led - lend

long-look-loot - lord - lost - lung; allow - balance

black calumny - deliver - doleful - emulate - fallacy flight - glimmer - golden - halt - healing - illness - jelly kelp - lilt - mellow - olden - plead - reality - stillness valley - welcome; bail - ball chill - deal - earl - fool gnarl-goal hull - idol - jewel - knell - loll - mile nickel - opal - pencil - quill - roil - sickle - tool - useful voile - wool.

gnarl - gnaw knob nab

nest - net - never

nickel- night - nip - nitre - noise

ornament

painter quinsy - rancid - sound - tanned- unnerve

vanquished wind; acorn-ban

eaten fallen

ban captain - deafen

gamin - hidden - immune-kin - lean

token- urn - vision

tab tack - tan

tick - tide tight - tile - time

tone tore touch

town; attack

tip - toast toll attend

· better

button criticize - daughter debtor esteem - fatal - fitting - greater heated intend - jilted - lighting motor - neatly - oyster - pattern - quantity - restore satin tantalize - utter - ventilate - water; art - bat coat debt eat - fight - great hot interest - jot mute-night oft part quilt rapt sift

dab - dame - dart - dawn - deaf - deck - deep - deft dent desk differ dig - dim - dine - disc - dock - doff

huddle - idle - jaundice - kindling - ladder

modern - needless - order poodle riddle - sudden

thunder- undulate vandal - wooden; aged bond - called dread eased - filled gourd - hid

gourd hid ironed

plugged

- viewed

The Tongue and Soft Palate Group
(k, g palatal, ng, y)

The k sound is made by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, and pushing the latter against the back wall of the pharynx, thus shutting off the escape of air through both mouth and nose; then, as an unvocalized breath is forced against the obstruction, suddenly jerking the tongue down. The sound is represented also by c (clean, come, etc.), ch (chorus, chromo, etc.), ck (back, lock, etc.), cque (racquet, sacque, etc.), cu (biscuit, circuit, etc.), q (quinine, quinsy, etc.), qu (croquette), que (bisque, pique, etc.). The letter k is silent before n in the same syllable (knapsack, knuckle, etc.).

The sound of palatal g (as in go) is made in the same way as the k sound, except that the breath is vocalized for g. The sound is represented also by gh (ghost, ghoul, etc.), and gu (guard, guerdon, etc.). It is to be noted that the digraph gh is silent before t (brought, caught, etc.); also after i (nigh, sleigh, etc.); and frequently after ou (dough, plough, etc.). The g at the beginning of a word is silent before n (gnarl, gnome, etc.); also before m or n final (diaphragm, feign, etc.).

The ng sound is made by raising the

back of the tongue to meet the soft palate, and forcing vocalized breath through the nasal passages.

a