This sound is represented also by n (anchor, anxiety, congress, ink, etc.). It is important to observe that in words such as congress, finger, linger, etc., the ng sound is represented by n, and the g is a separate element; also that in compara- ( tives and superlatives of adjectives ending in ng (longer longest, stronger strongest, etc.), n represents the ng sound, and the g is sounded with the second syllable. The frequent combination nk always has the value of ngk (bank, link, sunk, etc.).

An ng error of common occurrence is the termination of the sound with a separate g or k (singg for sing, kingk for king, etc.). This mistake is especially liable to occur if the next word begins with a vowel (running gup for running up, coming gin, for coming in, etc.). This ng error can be avoided by holding the tongue in its position against the soft palate until the breath current has been shut off. If the tongue is dropped while there is still breath pressure behind the obstruction, a k or g termination is inevitable. A second error of even more frequent occurrence is the substitution of n for ng (runnin for running, tryin for trying, etc.). The ng is a consonant digraph, i. e., a single sound represented by two consonants; it is not a combination of then and the g sounds, but is inseparable, and unlike either of the sounds represented by the letters composing the digraph. Therefore, to sound only the n is quite as wrong as to add a g or k, if the vocalization is discontinued.

The consonant y sound, which, with the exception noted below, occurs only at the beginning of a word or syllable, is made by raising the blade of the tongue to the hard palate, with the edges braced against the

forward upper grinders, and forcing a vocalized breath through the small groove along the center of the tongue. The sound is occasionally involved in gn (vignette, lorgnette, etc.), and is represented also by i (million, pinion, etc.), and ñ (cañon).

chorus clam - clear clock - coach - coal- cob - code

cork - creak - dock - duke - frisk - hark - jerk - knock look - placque - poke - quick - rake - seek - silk - strike task work.

gable-gain- gamble - garret - gawky - get-gewgaw gilt - gimlet - girdle - give - glade - glare - glass goggle - gold - gone - gore - gosling - grain - great greet - gun; agate - argue - baggage - cargo - degrade eagle - fragment - giggle - haggle - jagged - luggage magpie - nugget - pigment - quagmire - regret - rugs segment suggest vulgar; bag - beg berg- big crag - dog - egg - flag - gig - keg - lug nag-plague - rogue rug sag - slug stag - trig · tug - vague

vogue.

tagged

-

anxious - bringing - flinging - gangster - hanging kingdom kings - longing - lungs ringer singer singing; along

bang - clang

clung - earning - fang - ironing - king - long - meaning

angle - bangle - bungle - congress - dangle - finger

jingle - longer - longest - mingle - stronger - strongest tingle - wrangle.

anchor ankle bank brink dank hunk ink kink - lank monk - pink - rank rink sank sink thank think wink.

yam - yank - yard - yarn - year - yeast - yell - yen

lorgnette - million - minion - pinion - trillion - vignette.

GENERAL EXERCISES

I. Note that in this exercise the similarity of the sounds requires careful utterance for distinctness. Practice should be continued until the student is able to read the sentences with clearness, moderate rapidity, and no stumbling.

a. With a pat of his bat on the mat, he bade the mad, fat maid wait.

b. This thing is so thick that it takes time to dig Dick out.

c. Shearing the sheep these azure days assuages

the sad thoughts which assail the sinful. d. In summer Sadie sedulously sews the satin samplers, thus shaming her slothful sisters. e. The acquisitive deacon ekes out an economical existence by accommodating exhibitions with equipages.

f. Grasping the crackling ground glass he closed the curious closet quickly.

g. The trim troop-train drives through the throng thrice.

h. The questioner accusingly asked Carl's ac

quaintances for the accounts acknowledging his equipment.

i. From this time to that time did he attend to

the tenth artillery, adding a tactfully dated attack to the attempt through the teeth of the tempest.

j. The cheerful judge jumped gingerly, but changed chairs churlishly.

k. Lillian lightly rippled and rolled the lilting religious lyrics.

1. Singing` long, the singers sang strongly the ringing carolings.

II. Frequently a word ends with the same consonant, or same articulation, which begins the word following. In such cases it sounds affected to release the articulation and reproduce it for the duplication. On the other hand, it is very easy to make the mistake of running such words together. For duplicated explosives, the speaker should force the breath against the articulation for the first consonant, hold the breath against the articulation during a distinct pause, and then break the articulation to produce the second consonant. Between duplicated continuants the break is not so complete, but by quickly diminishing the breath current on the first consonant and giving it a fresh impetus on the second, a satisfactory result is obtained.

a. It was a fine night last Tuesday.

b. It was a dread day on the deep pond for the brave venturers.

c. This stem was on a ripe1 melon.
d. What do you breathe through?
e. A bad knock fractured four ribs.
f. That does seem mercenary.

g. John named five varieties.

h. You will not hear results till later.

i. Back came the fifth throng.

j. The badge James selected was used as a watchcharm.

k. The league came forward at daybreak.

SELECTIONS FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATION

TOBY VECK'S JOB

I take my stand by Toby Veck, although he did stand all day (and weary work it was) just outside the church-door. In fact, he was a ticket-porter, Toby Veck, and waited there for jobs. And a breezy, goose-skinned, blue-nosed, red-eyed, stony-toed, toothchattering place it was to wait in the winter time, as Toby Veck well knew. The wind came tearing round the corner especially the east wind as if it had sallied forth express from the confines of the earth to have a blow at Toby. And oftentimes it seemed to come upon him sooner than it had expected, for bouncing round the corner and passing Toby, it would suddenly wheel round again as if it cried, "Why, here he is!" Incontinently his little white apron would be caught up over his head like a naughty boy's garments, and his feeble little cane would be seen to wrestle and

1 A duplicated articulation presents the same problem as a duplicated consonant; p and m, for example, require the same articulation.