my wife. 'I' precedes the action, 'move' expresses the action, an apple' is the immediate object of the action, 'to my wife' the motive case. Besides these, we often meet with a noun which shows at once that in order to convey any meaning it must belong to and depend upon some other noun, as Hartley's-Hartley's what? why, Hartley's hand. Of Hartley; well, and what of Hartley? Why, this is the work of Hartley. This case (obscurely called the genitive) we will call the dependent case.

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Again, we often meet with a noun substantive either by itself, or with a noun adjective, which shows that it is spoken or called to, either as really present, or as if it were present, as, Come to me, my son. This is called the vocative case, from the Latin voco, I call; and may always be known by prefixing the word O, as, O my Son! If it make sense, the word or words are in the vocative case. Thus, then, there are five cases enumerated: 1. the precedent, 2. the dependent, 3. the motive, 4. the objective, 5. the vocative. Example: (1) His father gave (4) this book (3) to Hartley; do not dirty it, (5) O Derwent, for it is (2) Hartley's.

"N.B.-The Latins have in many nouns a sixth case, dividing the third into two cases. All motion toward they gave to the dative, all motion from any thing, or with or by any thing, they expressed by the second, which they call the ablative. But if we called every separate relation by a separate case, cases would be endless: we must therefore count them in each language by the greatest number of terminations which any noun is found to have in any one number, singular or plural. Now this in Latin is six, including the precedent; in Greek five; in English, three, in the twenty-three little words called pronouns (1. I, thou, he, she, we, ye, they, who: 2. his, hers, whose, its, ours, yours, theirs: 3. me, thee, him, her, us, you, them, whom): in all other words, only two, the precedent, dog, the dependent, the dog's (kennel)."

Then follows an account of the declensions, not varying from that of the common grammars, and then

OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

"What is a verb? It is a word which signifies some motion either seen or felt, or necessarily supposed, either, 1. by the mover on another; or, 2. by the mover on itself; or, 3. by a motion felt in myself from another, or from myself considered as another, as, when we say, 'I wonder at myself.' This last case arises from the self-contemplative faculty of man, by which we can and very often do use the words, I, me, self, in two senses; the first as the self contemplating, the second as the self contemplated. Now all cause is conceived of by us as a sort of motion; therefore the verb may be said to comprise all those words which represent cause as in action.

"Of this motion or action we have described three kinds. 1. A acting on B, i.e., causing motion, or being in motion, and thereby making B to be, or feel, or know, or by some one of the senses to perceive something which it otherwise would not have done. This first class is called the verb active; thus, TUTTO Tòν πaîda, I beat the child. That is, by putting my arm or other instrument in motion, I cause the child to feel pain. 2. When A acts on A, as, тúπтоμai, I beat myself. This class is called the verb middle. 3. When A is acted on by B, as, túñтoμai tô аvoρúñî, I am beaten by man. This is called the verb passive, and may always be turned into a verb active; as, avepwπоs тÚπтει Eμè, man beats me, means the same as, I am beaten by a man. A verb passive may be always defined to be that in which the person first brought forward to the mind in the action is one and the same with the object of the action. Thus, the action is beating; the person first brought forward is I: but who is the object of the beating, that is, who is the object beaten? I-I am beaten.

"Besides these we may add a fourth, verbs neuter, in which the person and action are mentioned, but not the object.

"But after a thing has ceased to make us think of it as moving or acting, it may yet exist to our senses, as, to skin, is to put a skin in motion. But when the skin has ceased

to move we may still see and feel it. This class of words we call nouns, as, to skin, a verb; a skin, a noun. But of any thing thus seen something may go away, and yet still we know it; as, Hartley had rosy cheeks yesterday, to-day he came to with me his cheeks quite yellow; yet still they were cheeks. That which we think of as permanent, and which cannot be lost without the thing itself being lost, we call noun substantives. The other more transient or less essential we call noun adjectives; as, cheeks, a noun substantive, rosy, yellow, noun adjectives; i.e., that which is not thought of as being in the substance of the thing, but as being adjected, that is, added close to or combined with it.

"N.B.-These non-essential appearances may, however, be conceived of collectively as having a substance or permanence in themselves; as, the white, or whiteness: and then of course they become substantives.

"Noun adjectives by themselves always require the question what? as, a red-red what? a red cloak.

"Noun substantives may always have prefixed to them the question which? or, what sort of? as, cloak-which cloak? the red cloak. What sort of a cloak? a short blue cloak.

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Prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs are nothing more than verbs, substantives, or adjectives, altered and commonly abbreviated by constant or very frequent use. Prepositions and conjunctions are, more frequently than otherwise, altered verbs of the imperative mood; as 'if' is in old writers gif, and gif is the same as give. Adverbs are more commonly adjectives of which the substantive is understood without being spoken: he acted badly, that is, he acted like bad (men).

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'N.B.-Ly is the same as like, only pronounced softer, the k having been originally like the x of the Greeks and Germans, a soft breathing from the throat and with the palate.

"Participles are adjectives expressing action done or suffered, and might aptly be called verb-adjectives,—as loving, loved; a loving man, a man loving his wife.

"The articles are adjectives. Thus, in English, 'the' is

the same word as 'this' or 'that,' and signifies a thing in particular, and 'a,' which is the same as one,' signifies a thing in general; while the universal is expressed by the omission of both-as, the God, a God, God. The Greeks used only the first, o, as an article, and therefore express both the general and universal by mere omission. In this respect our language is more clear and better adapted to philosophy than the Greek. Interjections are mere sounds of passion-as, Oh ! Ah!-Oo'oo'oo!-as in shivering. It is more than probable that interjections are the seeds and elements of all other words.

"I have thus briefly sketched out, as it were, the country that lies before you, my beloved son !—and you will regard this short account of the parts of speech in general as one of the small maps of Great Britain, which take the first place in a collection of county maps. Hereafter I shall give a whole map to each part of speech for itself: beginning with interjections, proceeding next [to pronouns, then] to verbs,—— 1. neuter, 2. active, 3. middle, 4. passive, and verbs-substantive, thence to noun-substantives, thence to noun-adjectives, and from these four-namely, 1. sounds of passion; 2. passing into words of motion, and from motion into causative motion of four-fold nature,-that in which the agency is confined to the agent considered as one and undistinguished, called by grammarians, verbs neuter; or where the agent acts on itself with an expressed distinction of itself into agent and passive, itself contemplant and itself contemplated, itself acting and itself acted on, called reflective or middle verbs (thus, 'I lay' on the grass is a verb neuter—'I lay me' on the grass is a middle or reflective verb); thirdly, when the agent has an expressed object of its agency out of itself, called verbs active,-as, 'the horse drags the cart;' and lastly, where the object is made to take the place and grammatical form of the agent, or where the person or image presented to the mind previous to the word of action is one and the same with the object of the action,-as, 'I am beaten these being called verbs passive, and may

always be altered into verbs middle or verbs active,—' I am beaten by myself' into 'I beat myself;' 'I am beaten by my master' into 'my master beats me;'-though, indeed, it sometimes happens that the object and precedent person are identified, when no particular agent is known or meant to be conceived by the mind,-as 'I am beaten.' And from this last distinction, or species of causative motion, stepping into life or existence, expressed as a simple act of being, or say, rather, words that express being as an act, these are very significantly called verbs-substantive (I am), even as when a mathematician conceives a line as existing in consequence of the motion or fluxion, that is, the perpetual flowing-in, of its constituent points, but conceive it as one motionless whole, and you have then the noun. Thus the verb passive leads to verb-substantive, and the verb substantive passes as naturally into the noun, as the noun naturally divides itself into a thing conceived as motionless in itself, and essential, and into a thing conceived as adherent to, or combined with, a thing, but not forming its absolute essence -in grammatical terms, into nouns-substantive and nounsadjective. Well, I say that out of these four great classes, with their subdivisions,—namely, out of, 1. interjections; 2. verbs; 3. substantives; and 4. adjectives,—I shall explain the conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, adverbs, and articles.

"I will first, however, paste in the leaves from the Greek grammar containing the contracted substantives, the adjectives, together with the pronouns substantive and adjective, and then the verbs, and by projecting labels, so point out the place in this book in which each, and each division of each, is to be found, that you may turn to the same without difficulty.

"May the Almighty God prolong my life if it be useful to you, and may the knowledge which I am labouring to communicate produce in you those effects for which alone knowledge is desirable or valuable,—namely, 1. Habits of attention and the power of self-control; 2. Habits of intellectual accuracy, greatly favourable and even akin to habits of