ian,” “luf-ode;" "segl-ian," "segl-ode," or "segl-ede." The form -de, which is a contracted one, belongs mostly to verbs having d, f, g, l, m, n, r, s, w, and th before the Infinitive termination; as, “baern-an," "baern-de;” “alýsan," "alys-de."

§ 154. Verbs which end in -dan or -tan preceded by a consonant, do not take an additional d or t; and those having either c or cc before the termination -an, change the cor cc into h whenever t follows; as, "send-an," "send-e;" "pliht-an," "plíht-e;" "recc-an," "reh-te.”

§ 155. In many cases the letters t, p, c, h, x, and s, after another consonant, and preceding the Infinitive -an, not only contract the Perfect tense, but also change the d into t; as, "dypp-an," "dypp-ede," "dyp-de," "dyp-te."

§ 156. Perfect Participle.-The Perfect participle is formed by changing the -an or -ian of the Infinitive into -ed or -od. It is also frequently contracted like the Perfect tense when t, p, c, h, x, or s, preceded by another consonant, terminates the root of the verb, while d passes into t. Sometimes the root itself is changed, and the e of the -ed rejected. Thus, "baern-an," "baern-ed;" "luf-ian," "luf-od;" "dypp-an," "dypp-ed," "dyppd," "dyppt," and "dypt;""syll-an," "seald."

§ 157. The syllable ge- is not uncommonly prefixed to the Perfect participle in both orders of verbs; as, "lufod," "gelufod;" "faren," "gefaren." See also § 142, Note. 1.

§ 158. Persons.-The First person singular of the Indefinite Indicative is formed from the Infinitive by changing the termination into -e, the Second, by changing it into -st, -ast, or -est, and the Third, into -th, -ath, or -eth; as, "baern-an," "baern-e," " baern-st," ," "baern-th,” etc. ΑΠ the persons of the plural end in -ath, but -an with a vowel before it makes -iath; as, "baern-an," 86 we, ge, hí baernath;" "luf-ian," "we, ge, hí luf-iath."

159. Verbs in -dan and -san have -t in the third per

son singular instead of the aspirate -th, while d before -an also makes the second person in -tst, though -dst is sometimes found. Verbs in than and -tan do not receive th additional in the third person. Thus, "féd-an," "fét;" "raes-an," "raest;" "send-an," "sentst;" "cyth-an," "cyth;" "hát-an,” "haet."

§ 160. Whenever a verb has a double consonant, one is always rejected in forming the persons in case another follows; and where it would make too harsh a sound to add st or th to the bare root, an e is usually inserted. Thus, "spill-an," "spil-st," "spil-th;" "nemn-an," "nemnest,' ""nemn-eth."

§ 161. In the Perfect tense the second person singular adds st to the first, and the third is like the first. The plural rejects the final e of the first person singular, and puts on in its place.

§ 162. In the Indefinite Subjunctive all the persons of the singular are like the first person of the same tense Indicative, while the plural adds -on, -an, or -ion, -ian, as the case may be, to the root of the verb.

§ 163. The Perfect tense is like the Perfect Indicative, except that it does not add st to the first person singular to form the second.

2. Complex Verbs.

§ 164. Perfect Tense and Perfect Participle.-The Perfect tense is formed by rejecting the Infinitive termination, with various changes of the radical vowel: the Perfect participle usually modifies the root in the same way, and converts its verbal ending into -en.

§ 165. Verbs, the roots of which present a monosyllabic form with a or ea after the rejection of the Infinitive ending, frequently change the a into o, and sometimes into eo, and the ea generally into eo, to form the Perfect tense, while in forming the Perfect participle no other change

takes place than that of the termination; as, “stand-an,” "stód," "gestand-en;" "beát-an," "beot," "beát-en.”

§ 166. Verbs having e or eo before ll, lf, lg, lt, rf, rg, rp, and the like, make ea, and in some cases ae, in the Perfect tense, and o in the Perfect participle; as, "delf-an," "dealf," "dolf-en."

§ 167. Verbs having i before gn, nn, nc, nd, ng, mb, mp, etc., often change this vowel into a in the Perfect tense, and into u in the Perfect participle; as, “sinc-an," ""sanc, "sunc-en." The same change of vowel takes place when i · occurs before a single consonant; as, nim-an,” “nam,' "numen;" but í becomes á in the tense, and i in the participle; as, "slít-an," "slát," slit-en."

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§ 168. Those verbs which have either ú or eó in the Infinitive, make the Perfect tense in eá, and the Perfect participle in o; as, "clúf-an," clof-en;" "hreówan," "hreáw," "hrow-en."

66 cleáf,"

§ 169. Persons.-The Personal terminations are usually like those in verbs of the Simple Order; but while in the Indefinite Indicative the persons of the plural retain the vowel of the first person singular, the same is not unfrequently changed in the second and third. Thus, a becomes ae, and occasionally, e, or y; e, ea, and u, are converted into y, or i; ó, into é; and ú, or eó, into ý; as, “Ic bac-e, thú baec-st, he, &c., baec-th,” “we, ge, hí bac-ath;" "Ic stand-e, thú stent-st, he, &c., stent,' we, ge, hí standath;" "Ic et-e, thú yt-st, he, &c., yt,"

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'Ic sceót-e, thú scýt-st, he, &c., scýt," ath."

we, ge, hí et-ath;" "we, ge, hí sceót

§ 170. The termination of the third person singular in verbs ending in -dan, -san, -tan, etc., follows the same rules as those given in § 159; as, “ríd-an,” “ic ríd-e, he, đc., rít, or rid-eth;” "et-an," "ic et-e, he, &c., yt;" etc.

§ 171. In the Perfect Indicative, the second person singular commonly ends in -e, and gives form to all the

persons of the same number in the Perfect Subjunctive; as, “Ic stód, thú stód-e;” “ic, thú, he, &c., stód-e.”

§ 172. Verbs taking either u or o in the stem of the Perfect participle, in most cases have u in that of the second person singular and of all the persons of the plural in the Perfect tense, while the third person singular is like the first; as, “crung-en," &c., "ic crang, thú crung-e, he, &c., crang," "we, ge, hí crung-on."

§ 173. Verbs having í in the radical part of the Infinitive, and i in the Perfect participle, with á in the first and third persons singular of the Perfect tense, make i in the second, and in all the persons of the plural; as, "aris-en," "ic, he, &c., arás," "thú aris-e,' aris-on."

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66

arís-an,"

we, ge, hí

§ 174. Contracted verbs of one syllable having the Perfect participle in -gen, terminate the first and third persons singular of the Perfect tense, and the second person singular of the Imperative mood, in -h, besides always inserting this letter before -st, and -th; as, "thweán," "thweg en," “ic, he, đc., thwóh,” “thweáh thú,” “thú thwyh-st,” "he, &c., thwih-th." Those which terminate the root of the Infinitive in g, in general follow the same rule, converting the g into h; as, "stíg-an," "thú stíh-st," "ic, he, &c., stáh."

AUXILIARY VERBS.

§ 175. There are, properly speaking, no verbs in AngloSaxon which can lay claim to this peculiar character, as those which have been regarded as such, do not convey the idea of time, especially future time, except seemingly and in rare instances, but rather of possession; affirmation, or existence; volition, obligation, command, and necessity. They are, "habban ;" "wesan,' beón," and "weorthan;" "willan,” “sceal," "magan,' ," "cunnan," and mót."

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"

§ 176. Conjugation of the verb "habban," to have, (1 Con. 2 Cl. Irr.')

3 he, heó, hit haef-th he, she, it hath, or has.

This verb, strictly speaking, unites two classes of the first Conjugation, the 1st and 2d, from the infinitives "habban" and "hafian," different formations from the same root, as will clearly appear. The same may be said of "lybban" and "leofian," to live; "hycgan" and "hogian," to think; "fyligan" or "fyligean" and "folgian," to follow; and some others. Such are usually considered irregular.

There is also a class of verbs which evidently form their different parts from two or more distinct roots. These will appear in the sequel. * Habbe, haebbe ;-haefst, hafast ;-haefth, hafath ;—habbath, hafiath;-habbe, hafie;-habbe, haebbe;-habbon, habban ;—habban,