§ 58. Those masculines which end in -u, are declined in the following manner :—

§ 59. Nouns terminating in -or, -er, or -ur, and denoting relationship, whether masculine or feminine, are declined for the most part as follows:

§ 60. Some nouns, chiefly monosyllables, containing the vowels a, ó, ú, and u, change these vowels in the Dative singular, and in the Nominative and Accusative plural,

* Bróthra, bróthru, and gebróthra, gebróthru, gebróthro. These nouns are very irregular. "Sweoster," "swyster," a sister, analogically has "swyster" in the Dat. or Abl. with the Nom. and Acc. plur. "sweostra," or "gesweostra," while the Dat. or Abl. of "modor," "moder," "modur," a mother, is "méder," with "modru," or dra" in the other cases mentioned.

66 mo

1 Mann, monn, maenn, man, mon, maen, both Nom. and Acc.; but sometimes "mannan" and "monnan" in the latter, as if from

"manna,

"" monna."

Menn, men, geinenn.

Mannum, manum, monnum.

§ 61. So also “bóc,” a book, “ bróc,” breeches, "fót,' a foot, "gós," a goose, "lús," a louse, "mús," a mouse, “turf," a turf, "sulh," a plow,' make in the Dative singular, and in the Nominative and Accusative plural, “béc,' “bréc," "fét," "gés," "lýs," "mýs," "tyrf," "sylh."

172

§ 62. "Faeder," a father, is indeclinable in the singular,1 but the plural has the regular forms of the first declension.

63. Nouns in -eó, or -eóh, preserve the 6 through all the cases except the Genitive and Dative plural, being commonly found without the h; as, "feó," (feóh,) cattle, money, Gen. "feós," Dat. "feó," etc. But such as have -á, or -áh, while the Genitive usually has -hes, when the noun belongs to the first declension, appear either with or without the h in the other cases, both singular and plural; as, "fáh," a foe, Gen. "fáhes," Gen. plur. "fáhra,” or "fára." Those in -ó, or -óh, have the Genitive in -ós; as, “hó,” or “hóh," the heel, or hough, Gen. “hós.”

§ 64. "Sae," a sea, "ae," law, and “eá,” water, are not declined in the singular, except in the Genitive, which, especially in composition, makes "saees," "saes," and "eás,” in the case of those two nouns.'

§ 65. Some nouns in -u change this letter into w, or ew,

1 Sulh, sul, sulg.

2 Sylh, syl, sylg.

1 "Faederes" is sometimes found as the Genitive.

66

"Eá" has "eá" in the Nominative and Accusative plural, with "eán" in the Dative; "sae," saes," with " saem," in the same "Ae" would seem to be undeclined even in the plural.

cases.

in the oblique cases; as, "searu,' a device, Gen. “ searewes," or "searwes," etc. Eówu," a ewe, has "eówes" in the Genitive singular, and "eówa" in the Nominative and Accusative plural, with "eówena" in the Genitive.

§ 66. "Feld," a field, has -a in the Dative or Ablative, while the Genitive terminates in -es; and " sumer, summer, winter," winter, and some other nouns, both -e and -a.

66

§ 67. The Dative, or Ablative, of "duru," a door, is 'dura," and "duran," besides the regular form "dure." Tá," a toe, has the Genitive, etc., "táan," or "tán;" and "beó," a bee, "beóan," "beán," or "beón," with the Genitive plural, "beóena," or "beóna."

§ 68. "Freónd," a friend, and “feónd," an enemy, have "frýnd" and "fýnd" in the Nominative and Accusative plural.

69. The termination -waru, the population of a place collectively, has -a, (-e,) -as, or -an in the Nominative plural. § 70. The inflection of names of men formed from feminine substantives, is according to that of their primitives. § 71. Some nouns are indeclinable throughout; as, "aethelo," nobility.

ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF NOUNS.

§ 72. Nouns may be divided into Primitive and Second

ary.

§ 73. All Primitive Nouns in Anglo-Saxon are mono

1 Searu, searo, syru.

2 Eówu, eúwa, éwe, both which forms have an in the Genitive singular, with the regular declension throughout.

Feld, feald, fild.

* Sumer, sumor.

1 Freónd, frénd, frínd, friend.

Feónd, find, fiend.