On the Economy of Machinery and ManufacturesC. Knight, 1846 - 408 ページ |
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多く使われている語句
Adam Smith advantage amongst annealing appears applied arising attention booksellers brass cajeput oil capital cause cent CHAP charge circumstances clock combination considerable contrivance copies copper cost cotton difficult diminished division of labour economy effect employed engine executed exertion expense factories flax force forceps France fulminating silver greater hand head hole House of Commons hundred improved inches increased instance iron large number lathe machine machinery mandril manufactured master mechanical medal ment metal method mode mould moveable types necessary operations paid paper perhaps persons Picul piece pins placed plates portion pounds principle printed printer produced profit Prony punch purchase quantity quired rate of profit raw material reduced render retail rollers sheet skill steel stocking frames supply thousand tinned tion trade triques usually velocity wages weight whilst whole wire workmen wrought iron
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117 ページ - This great increase of the quantity of work which, in consequence of the division of labour, the same number of people are capable of performing, is owing to three different circumstances; first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another ; and lastly, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many.
117 ページ - That the master manufacturer, by dividing the work to be executed into different processes, each requiring different degrees of skill or of force, can purchase exactly that precise quantity of both which is necessary for each process; whereas, if the whole work were executed by one workman, that person must possess sufficient skill to perform the most ~~ difficult, and sufficient strength to execute the most laborious, of the operations into which the art is divided...
117 ページ - When the human hand, or the human head, has been for some time occupied in any kind of work, it cannot instantly change its employment with full effect. The muscles of the limbs employed have acquired a flexibility during their exertion, and those not in action a stiffness during rest, which renders every change slow and unequal in the commencement. Long habit also produces in the muscles exercised a capacity for enduring fatigue to a much greater degree than they could support under other circumstances.
143 ページ - In watchmaking, as Mr. Babbage observes, " it was stated in evidence before a Committee of the House of Commons, that there are a hundred and two distinct branches of this art, to each of which a boy may be put apprentice ; and that he only learns his master's department, and is unable, after his apprenticeship has expired, without subsequent instruction, to work at any other branch. The watch-finisher, whose business it is to put together the scattered parts, is the only one, out of the hundred...
117 ページ - When each process has been reduced to the use of some simple tool, the union of all these tools, actuated by one moving power, constitutes a machine. In contriving tools and simplifying processes, the operative workmen are, perhaps, most successful; but it requires far other habits to combine into one machine these scattered arts. A previous education as a workman in the peculiar trade, is undoubtedly a valuable preliminary; but in order to make such combinations with any reasonable expectation of...
145 ページ - ... similar arts, it will soon occur to the manufacturer, that if that part were executed by a steam-engine, the same man might, in the case of weaving, attend to two or more looms at once : and, since we already suppose that one or more operative engineers have been employed, the number of looms may be so arranged that their time shall be fully occupied in keeping the steam-engine and the looms in order.
128 ページ - The higher the skill required of the workman in any one process of a manufacture, and the smaller the time during which it is employed, so much the greater will be the advantage of separating that process from the rest, and devoting one person's attention entirely to it.
xxi ページ - ... very small space from each other, and each in its turn is pushed lengthwise to the right or to the left, according to the direction of the point.
173 ページ - I shall now present the outline of a system which appears to me to be pregnant with the most important results, both to the class of workmen and to the country at large; and which, if acted upon, would, in my opinion, permanently raise the working classes, and greatly extend the manufacturing system. The general principles on which the proposed system is founded, are — i St.
170 ページ - A most erroneous and unfortunate opinion," he commences, "provails among workmen in many manufacturing countries, that their own interests and that of their employers are at variance. The consequences are, that valuable machinery is sometimes neglected and even privately injured — that new improvements, introduced by the masters, do not receive a fair trial — and that the talents and observations of the workmen are not directed to the improvement of the processes in which they are employed. ....