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Chiltern Hundreds which have a steward appointed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, with a salary of 20s. and all fees. By accepting this nominal office, a member vacates his seat in Parliament.

Receipt for making Grape Wine.--Water, 4 gallons, beer measure; grapes, 5 gallons beer measure, crushed and soaked in the water seven days; sugar, 17 lbs. at 104d. per lb.-the grapes, perhaps, 5s. The cask in which it was made held exactly 63 gallons beer measure, and produced 34 bottles of wine clear. A bottle of the above wine kept 10 years, and proved very good. Loudon's Gardeners' Magazine.

"Pytte and Gallowes."-To many baronies, both spiritual and temporal, as well as to some corporations, was formerly annexed the right of hanging male and drowning female delinquents. The extensive privileges claimed and exercised by the great feudatories, within their respective jurisdictions, justify Spelman's description, that every superior lord was a petty king over his dependents. The Regia Majestas of Scotland mentions certain criminal pleas belonging to some baronies, and particularly to such as had and held their own court with soc and sac, gallows and pit, toill and theme, infangtheife and outfangtheife; all of which, except the power over life and death, were enjoyed by the same class of persons, the thanes and bishops, in the time of Edward the Confessor.-Roger de Hoveden.

The Human Mind.-The mind of man is not only very elastic, but possessed of an expansive power, often unsuspected and unknown to the world, his associates, or even to himself, until it is called into action by either accident or design; and these powers may, and often do, lie dormant during his whole life's existence, unless roused by some one particular stimulus or excitement. Physiologists well know that every organ of the body requires its own particular stimulus to call it into action; as, for instance, the food to excite the digestive power of the stomach, the atmospheric air for respiration, and even vitality itself for the circulation of the blood."-Dr Jeffrey.

Paganini.-This great musician is reported, just before his death, to have expressed a wish that his favourite bow should be enclosed in his coffin, saying:"I wish to take it with me to the other world, that, by playing a tune to Satan and his crew, I may charm them from playing me any of their devilish tricks."

Old Newspapers. Many people take newspapers, but few preserve them; yet the most interesting reading imaginable is a file of old newspapers. It brings up the very age, with all its bustle and every-day affairs, and marks its genius and its spirit more than the most laboured description

of the historian. Who can take a paper dated half a century ago, without the thought that almost every name there printed is now cut upon a tombstone at the head of an epitaph?

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The Moon and the Earth. "Sweet Moon," said the Earth to her one day, why dost thou grow every now and then so black in the face? Why dost thou not always shine bright, and glad me with the light of thy countenance ?"-" Most venerable spouse," said Luna, "thou wouldst grow tired of me, were I always dressed in smiles. Thou wouldst care as little about me as if I were always dark and sulky, plodding my unseen way beside thee."-Citizen.

Dr Radcliffe.-The best anecdote told of this excellent physician is that which shows how well he could bear misfortune. When in a speculation with Betteton the actor, he lost 6,000l., while the latter suffered to the amount of 2,000l., he condoled with his friend on his misfortune, but said for himself, "he had only to trot up 6,000 pairs of stairs, and all would be right again."

The Ancient Stage.-What is now the stage consisted of three several platforms, or tiers, one above another: on the uppermost was perched the Pater Cœlestis, surrounded by his angels; on the second holy saints and glorified men; while the lowest was occupied by those who had not yet passed from the transitory state to the regions of eternity. On one side of the lowest platform was the semblance of a dark, pitchy cavern, from whence issued fire and flames, and when necessary, the audience were treated with discordant yelling and noises; while, ever and anon, for their delight and instruction, devils ascended from beneath.- Strutt.

How to read Letters from one's Wife. The boatswain's mates and the quartermasters are really handsome men, weatherbeaten and bold (when speaking of the mates and crew of the Actæon'). Williams, one of the latter, seems a most eccentric character; he is a married man, and consequently receives letters from his absent rib; these, however, he never takes the trouble to open, but keeps them all neatly tied up. On his return, he says, she can read them to him all of a lump.Auldjo's Journal of a Visit to Constantinople.

A Solicitor.-Dr Johnson apologised, and defended himself from the imputation of backbiting, when he called a man, not then present, an "Attorney." Those of the craft prefer hearing themselves styled "Solicitors." The same Dr Johnson, on being asked the difference between an attorney and a solicitor, replied-much the same as between a crocodile and an alligator.-A servant girl at Woolwich married, so she said, a respectable solicitor.

He

was solicitor to the Diamond Company!a touter to a steam-boat!

Cromwell's Religious Character.-Such was the temper and discipline of his mind, moulded not merely to military subordination, but to the precepts of Christianity, sanctity, and sobriety, that all the good and valiant were irresistibly drawn to his camp, not only as to the best school of martial science, but also of piety and religion, and those who joined it were necessarily rendered such by his example. Milton.

Sir Matthew Hale.-This great luminary of law having condemned a poor woman to death for witchcraft, took occasion to sneer at the rash innovators who were then advocating a repeal of the statute; and falling on his knees, thanked God "for being enabled to uphold one of the sagest enactments handed down to us by our venerable forefathers."

Discovery of America foretold.-In Seneca's Medea, the chorus distinctly predicts the discovery of America, which took place 1,400 years after that drama was written. In this passage here alluded to, it is said, is a new Tiphys, a son of the earth, will in ages to come, discover remote regions towards the west, and Thule will no longer be the extremity of the universe.

New Year's Day at Rambree.-In the island of Rambree, in the East Indies, at the festival of Sangrain Kyadeh, new year's day (which occurs in April) is celebrated with an odd sportive game. The women throw water over the men, who generally return the compliment; no distinction is paid to rank. The water is thrown indiscriminately and with an unsparing hand, upon high, and low, and all seem determined to enjoy a season that permits of such an unlimited freedom.

Peter the Great's Cottage.-At Amsterdam the wonderful cottage built by Peter the Great is preserved in a brick house erected to save it from decay. Over a fireplace appears a small slab placed there by the Emperor Alexander when he visited Holland, in honour of the founder of the Russian empire.

To restore Obliterated Writings.-To half a pint of pale sherry put six or eight of the whitest dyeing galls, bruised; let them stand in the sun about five days, and then put them on the defaced writing, and it will almost immediately revive it.

Psalmody. Few people are aware of the antiquity of some of the tunes to which the metrical psalms are sung. One called "York" is ascribed to no less a person than Milton; but it was composed by the poet's father. The old 100th is usually attributed to Martin Luther, and it was certainly in use in his time. Perhaps this venerable melody is never heard so effectively as when

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"A Parent."-We have no doubt by the symptoms shown that the child has eaten a small portion of hemlock, while picking the bramble berries. The Conium maculatum (common hemlock) grows abundantly in the hedge-rows, the virtues of which, when used medicinally, are supposed to reside in an alkali (conia). It is one of the most deadly of the vegetable poisons. The treatment, when it has been taken, should be as follows, as well as for all narcotico-acrid poisons of the same class:-An emetic of sulphate of zinc; the vomiting should be encouraged by giving demulcent drinks. If symptoms of cerebral congestion take place, bleed. When the poison is removed from the stomach, give acidulated liquids. If the poison has been long taken, cordials and stimulants are required; you must be guided by symptoms, but in all cases send quickly for your medical attendant.

"A. A."-We cannot answer his question in the pages of the 'Mirror,' although it is a question strictly in conformity with the science of surgery. We refer him to Fyfe's Compendium to the Anatomy of the Human Body.' "G. H."-To Etch on Glass:-Clean a sheet of glass, and varnish over the surface. When the varnish is dry, take a sharp-pointed tool and scratch off the varnish where you desire your figure to be represented. When this is done, take one part of pow dered fluorspar, put it into a leaden basin, add to it two parts of sulphuric acid, lay the glass, with its engraved side downwards, on the basin, and heat it by a lamp, or any convenient means, the underside of the basin, until white fumes appear. The glass must remain over the fumes for ten or fifteen minutes, and all the surface that was scratched by the pointed tool will be corroded or eaten into the glass. The varnish may then be removed by a little turpentine.

"E. A.A."-It may be "the opacity of his understanding," but we should rather think it must be that of his spectacles, or he would have seen, p. 180, that his hint was attended to, and the error corrected.

The question as to covers we must answer in the negative.

"A.J." must excuse us, but we cannot give answers to a string of trifling interrogatories and remarks which could not interest our readers generally. He had better" bestow his tediousness" on some larger publication, where there may be room for twaddle.

LONDON: Published by CUNNINGHAM and MORTIMER, Adelaide Street, Trafalgar Square; Printed by C. REYNELL, 16 Little Pulteney street, and Sold by all Booksellers and Newsmen. and at the Royal Polytechnic Institution.

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Original Communications. GATEWAY OF LAMBETH PALACE,

FROM THE COURT-YARD.

THE cut given above is a specimen of what can be effected by glyphography, a new science connected with the arts. As in these times nothing can be endured with a commonplace English name, two Greek words relating to engraving and drawing have been put in requisition to furnish the euphonious term glyphography, the merit of which consists in producing, by the same act, drawing and engraving, and thus effecting by one act what till now could only be accomplished by two operations.

To do this a piece of copper-plate, such as is used for engraving, is stained black on one side, over which a very thin layer of white opaque composition, resembling wax both in quality and appearance, is spread. Various sorts of points are then used, so as to remove a portion of the white. The black is consequently left exposed, No. 1183]

and the contrast this gives to the white composition enables the artist to see as on paper the effect at once. Care must be taken to ascertain that no dirt or dust interferes with the drawing, which is then brought in contact with a substance having a chemical attraction or affinity for the remaining portions of the composition, whereby they may be heightened ad libitum. It is necessary that the printing surfaces of a block should project in such relief from the block itself as shall prevent the inking-roller touching the interstices of the same while passing over them. The depth of those parts is formed by the remaining portions of the white composition on the plate, analogous to which must be the depth on the block, the latter being, in fact, a cast of the former. The drawing so prepared is next placed in a trough, and submitted to the action of a galvanic battery, by means 'of which copper is deposited in the indentations, and, continuing the supply, it gradually spreads itself over the whole surface [VOL. XLIII.

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of the composition until a sufficiently thick plate of copper is obtained; which, on being separated from the first, will be found to present an exact fac-simile of the drawing. It is thus that the representation of the gateway of Lambeth Palace, which appears in our present number, was prepared for the printer. On the accuracy of the representation we need not dwell; but it may not be impertinent to offer a few words on the building itself. It is, as most of the inhabitants of London know, one of the palaces of the Archbishop of Canterbury, situate on the eastern bank of the Thames; it is a large irregular pile, raised at various periods, according to the tastes, means, and liberality of its once potent occupants. The first archbishop who resided at Lambeth was Stephen Langton. He occupied the ancient manor house. In 1621 Archbishop Boniface obtained a bull from Pope Urban IV for disposing of the fourth part of the offerings made at Becket's tomb to pious uses, and had leave to rebuild his house in a fit place at Lambeth. He is believed to have been the founder of the present palace. It was gradually improved and enlarged by succeeding archbishops, most of whom made it the chief place of their residence. In 1321 Archbishop Reynolds made considerable repairs in the great chapel, the almonry, my lord's chamber, chamber next the wall," the wardrobe next the chapel, another wardrobe, the kitchen, bake-house, and great gate at the entrance; as also the wharf-mill near the postern, and wallum super Tamisiam.

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The palace was plundered in 1381 by the followers of Wat Tyler, who beheaded Archbishop Sudbury, then Lord Chancellor. Courtenay and Arundel are believed to have repaired the edifice, but Archbishop Chichely, who succeeded the last-named prelate, expended vast sums on it. The Lollard's Tower, at the west end of the chapel, was erected in the thirteenth of Henry VI, about the year 1434, on the site of an old stone building. The expenses of this tower are set down in the steward's accounts of those years, whereby it appears that the whole amounted to 2787. 2s, 114d. Every foot in height of the tower, including the circumference, cost 13s. 4d. for the work; the iron used about the windows and doors weighed 1,322 lbs. which, at 13d. per pound, cost 10%. 14s. 114d. Three thousand bricks were used for stopping the windows between the chapel and that tower. The staircase is 88 feet high. On the west side appeared what was called a tabernacle or niche, in which was placed the image of St Thomas, which image cost 33s. 4d. The pay of a bricklayer was, at that time, with victuals, 4d. per day, without it, 5d. It would thence appear that the labourer was not badly paid, as he gained nearly

four times as much as was necessary for his subsistence. Supposing his lodging and rent to have been cheap in proportion, a prudent man would have had a surplus out of his daily earnings.

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The interior of the tower presents a gloomy aspect. Staples and rings are seen to which the enthusiastic followers of Wickeliffe and "the good Lord Cobham were chained preparatory to bringing them to the stake. The room in which the sufferers were confined is twelve feet long and nine broad, and is at the top of the tower. The windows are small and placed west and north. In the wainscot, which is of oak above an inch thick, the rings which have been mentioned are fixed; three on the south, four on the west, and one on the north side. The ceiling is of oak, and there is a small fireplace. Half sentences, names, and letters are cut on the wainscot with a knife. This, it is supposed, was done by the prisoners to pass away the melancholy hours which they spent in this dreary abode. The names inscribed are these " John Sib, I. Jarle, John I. fysche, T. fown, Thon Werth, Chesham Doctor, H. Vil, John York Barboer, Alic Scandelar Thomas Bacar.

Archbishop Burton repaired, about the year 1490, the great tower next the gateway. In his last will Archbishop Warham states himself to have expended 30,000l. in repairing and beautifying his houses, and prays his successors, on that account, to forbear suit for dilapidations against his executors. Whether he had neglected Lambeth to improve other edifices, or had expended a portion of the 30,000l. on this palace, does not appear. His successor was Archbishop Cranmer, who built the great parlour, and erected in the garden a curious summer-house, chiefly contrived by his chaplain, Dr John Poynet, afterwards Bishop of Winchester. This edifice has disappeared. Cardinal Pole founded a gallery towards the east and other apartments. His motto, "Estote prudentes sicut serpentes et innocentes sicut columbæ "—" Be prudent as serpents and innocent as doves," was painted on some of the windows, with the representation of a dove and a serpent. During the rebellion which brought Charles the First to the scaffold, Lambeth Palace was taken possession of by Colonel Scot, who, puritan as he was, is said to have converted the chapel into a dancing room, and, to render it fit for the purpose, he had the monument of Archbishop Parker pulled down as well as the hall erected by Chichely. The archbishop's corpse was torn from his tomb, the lead in which he had been encased was sold, and the remains buried beneath a dunghill. Juxon, at the Restoration, found the palace a heap of ruins. He rebuilt the great hall on the

ancient model, and with it restored the ancient usages. The archbishop with his particular friends sat at the high table; the steward, with the servants of the better rank, were at the table on the right-hand side; the almoner, the clergy, and others, occupied the table on the left. None but nobility or privy councillors were ordinarily admitted to the archbishop's table. All the meat that was not eaten was given to the poor, who used to assemble in crowds at the gate to receive it. The body of the Archbishop Parker, through the care of Archbishop Sancroft, was removed from the hole in which it had so indecently been thrown by the puritans, and another tomb erected to his memory, with this inscription-" The body of Matthew, the Archbishop, rests here at last."

Of the sacred and antiquarian treasures which this palace now contains, collected by the taste and liberality of successive prelates, much that is extremely interesting might be told, but the subject is too large to be entered upon in the present notice.

THE FEAST OF BLOOD, OR THE

IMPERIAL EXECUTIONER. MORE than dramatic horrors, studied carefully, prepared with deliberation, are connected with the reign of Peter the Great. If we acquit him of the murder of his son, still enough remains against him to prove that he was one of the most horrible monsters that ever wore the human form. To establish a character for vigour he deemed cruelty necessary, and rejoiced in the opportunities which offered for inflicting it. His efforts to create a navy, and otherwise to elevate Russia in the scale of nations, had already shed on his name a portion of that glory which, since he sunk into his grave, has dazzled the eyes of most observers, and caused his enormities to be in a great measure forgotten; he was looked up to with wonder, when the Strelitz, a powerful military body who were discontented with the changes they witnessed, seeing him move among them like an ordinary individual, lost all that awe for him which majesty should inspire. Their dissatisfaction increased, and at length they determined to assassinate the Czar. To accomplish their object it was resolved to fire Moscow, and when Peter should appear in the streets to give directions for checking the conflagration, they persuaded themselves it would be an easy thing, amidst the confusion which must prevail, to deprive their monarch of life.

One of the leaders of the Strelitz was named Sukanin, and it was at his house that the conspirators met, from time to time, to plan the assassination of Peter, and the destruction of the officers and foreign

soldiers who were attached to him. The night on which this fearful tragedy was to be performed arrived, and the Strelitz indulged in a joyous revel, to prepare them for the work of blood. Strong liquors, however, overpowered the intellects or the courage of some of the conspirators, or by some means they were corrupted. Whatever the cause, two of them found their way to the Czar and betrayed the whole plot.

A strange and terrible scene succeeded. Prompt in his determination, Peter wrote to the colonel of one of his regiments of guards, commanding him, with his soldiers, to surround and invest Sukanin's house that night. He meant to direct this to be done at the hour of ten, but in the hurry of the moment he wrote instead the word "eleven." This accident had nearly cost him dear.

Peter anxiously waited for the moment to arrive when the conspirators would be secured. It sounded, and he had no doubt, his orders obeyed, the mutinous Strelitz were in his power. In this conviction he proceeded, impatient to witness their dismay, to the house of their leader, Sukanin. On approaching it he remarked, with displeasure, that no guard had been stationed outside. Eager to reprove such negligence, he entered, and in a few minutes found himself alone and unarmed in the midst of a desperate band, who were then in the act of taking a solemn oath to put him to death.

He heard enough of what was passing before he made his appearance to understand how they were engaged, but to withdraw without being discovered, and of course pursued and butchered, was impossible. He therefore subdued all appearance of emotion, and calmly, and with an air of affability, joined the revellers.

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"I heard joyous sounds," said he, as I passed; I knew the voices, and thought I could not do better than join the Strelitz in their festivities. To their health I wish to drink. Fill me a glass."

The conspirators were amazed. At first they could hardly believe that Peter was alone, but being at length assured of that fact, their alarm subsided. They handed him wine, and affected great joy at seeing him among them. Beholding their enemy thus defenceless, their courage returned, which, sustained by the circling glass, was inflamed to exulting confidence. To fall upon him and extinguish him there, seemed to be a task of little difficulty. At first they conversed in whispers and signs, but the keen eye of Peter watched every movement, and put some restraint on their boldness. By degrees they began to manifest a feeling that in their judgment it was unnecessary longer to mask their design. Their murmured resolve, not to

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