ceeded to the house of the administrador, and complained of the treatment he had received all in vain he was received with haughtiness and dismissed with insult. Cabrera did not long brood the injury. On the next morning the dead body of Lerchundi was found lying in the streets pierced with many wounds, any one of which would have caused death. The voice of the sacristan was no longer heard in the church of San Vicent. He fled to the mountains, and, leading a life half-shepherd half-brigand, eluded any attempts made to arrest him.

It is said that the fierce spirit of Cabrera has not been always inaccessible to the softer passions. To his duties of sacristan he occasionally added those of a professor of music, and gave lessons on the guitar. One of his pupils was the niece of an Arragonese gentleman, a native of Alcaniz, a girl of nineteen or twenty. A dismal mystery is connected with her story. Spain is the land of intrigue, in love as well as in politics; and a young and enthusiastic female seldom considers, with the coolness of a sage, those differences of rank which are established by the conventional regulations of society. She was an orphan, and had not only been betrothed, but had been actually casada con poder-married, that is, by proxy, a frequent custom in Spain-with a man much older than herself, and whom she had never yet seen. Strange to say, and incredible as it would now doubtless appear, the manners of Cabrera were then gentle and unassuming, and a mutual attachment soon grew up between them. This was not discovered until it became too late to save the honour of the lady. She was removed with her offspring from the house of her uncle, and was never heard of more. Whether she died of a broken heart or perished by assassination none ever knew. That nothing might be wanting to render Cabrera a monster of iniquity, it is said that the vengeance inflicted for the real or supposed violence committed on the lady formed a befitting prelude to his other deeds of blood.

In appearance Cabrera is about the middle stature, rather slight, and not ungracefully formed. To a stranger his countenance is not indicative of the ferocity which has made him so remarkable even amongst the sanguinary leaders of the Carlist bands; and his demeanour, when not under the influence of intense excitement, is mild and gentle. Even when affected by some overwhelming feeling his external manner betrays little of the tempest which rages within: it is not boisterous nor loud, but rather that of deep, calm, concentrated, yet deadly determination. On one occasion only is it recorded that this habitual calmness completely aban

doned him. This monster, who is not redeemed by another virtue, wept like an infant snatched from the bosom when the tidings of his mother's death reached him. He loved her much; and her murder turned to gall whatever little of earthly feeling made his heart still human. He shut himself up in his apartment during two days, without admitting an individual, with the exception of one favoured servant, a relative it is said, to witness the agony of grief to which he abandoned himself, and which almost deprived him of consciousness. How bitterly he avenged his ill-fated parent need not be told.

"During my residence, upwards of twenty years, at Brampton, a populous parish near Chesterfield, a putrid fever broke out among us. Finding by far the greater number of my parishioners too poor to afford themselves medical assistance, I undertook, by the help of such books on the subject of medicine as were in my possession, to prescribe for them. I attended a boy about fourteen years of age who was attacked by the fever. He had not been ill many days before the symptoms were unequivocally putrid. I then administered bark, wine, and such other medicines as my books directed. My exertions were, however, of no avail; his disorder grew every day more and more untractable and malignant, so that I was in hourly expectation of his dissolution. Being under the necessity of taking a journey, before I set off I went to see him, as I thought, for the last time; and I prepared his parents for the event of his death, which I considered as inevitable, and reconciled them in the best manner I could to a loss which I knew they would feel severely. While I was in conversation on this distressing subject with his mother, I observed in a corner of the room a small tub of wort working. The sight brought to my recollection an experiment I had somewhere met with of a piece of putrid meat being made sweet by being suspended over a tub of wort in the act of fermentation. The idea flashed into my mind that the yeast might correct the putrid nature of the disease, and I instantly gave him two large spoonsful. I then told the mother, if she found her son better, to repeat this dose every two hours. I then set out on my journey. Upon my return, after a few days, I anxiously inquired after the boy, and was informed that he was recovered. I could not repress my curiosity, and though greatly fatigued with my journey, and night was come on, I went directly to his residence, which was three miles off, in a wild part of the moors, and, to my great surprise, the boy himself opened the door, looking well, and he told me he had felt better from the time he took the yeast."

In other instances he tested the power of yeast, and the results were equally satisfactory and astonishing. Two additional cases are mentioned in the same letter which furnishes the above quotation. One of them is perhaps more extraordinary than that already given. The simple and affecting story is thus told :-"As I was riding past a detached farmhouse at the outskirts of the village, I observed the farmer's daughter standing at the door, apparently in great affliction. On inquiring into the cause of her distress she told me her father was dying. I went into the house, and found him in the last stage of putrid fever. His tongue was black, his pulse was scarcely perceptible, and he lay stretched out like a corpse, in a state of drowsy insensibility. I immediately procured some yeast, which I diluted with water, and poured it down his throat. I then left him with little hope of recovery. I returned to him in about two hours, and found him sensible and able to converse. I then gave him a dose of bark. He afterwards took, at proper intervals, some refreshment. I stayed with him till he repeated the yeast, and then left him, with directions how to proceed. I called upon him the next morning at nine o'clock, and found him apparently recovered; he was an old man, upwards of seventy."

THE inhuman treatment which the Calvinists, or Jansenists, experienced in the time of Louis XIV and Madame de Maintenon, is hateful in itself, but it is aggravated and still more provocative of disgust from its intimate connexion with the sacred exultation of the King, the cold-blooded piety of Madame de Maintenon, the impious thanksgivings of the old Chancellor, and the brutal praise lavished by the priests on deeds of blood. Nothing can better merit the serious attention of the student of history or the theologian than the events of those times. We subjoin a painfully striking representation of a portion of them, and not the most striking portion, from the eighteenth part of the 'Pictorial History of France,' just published :—

"The petitions which the Calvinists addressed to the king from all quarters, Louis XIV answered by sending them missionaries, escorted by dragoons. Then commenced those famous executions which were called dragoonings, or dragonnades. Noailles, overrunning his province at the head of a regiment, billeted his soldiers upon the most refractory of the reformers, for the purpose of enforcing their conversion. This takes place so quickly,' he writes, that the troops have only to sleep one night in the places where I send them, and the matter is settled by the next morning. The memoirs of Dangeau state that, on the 2nd of September, all the Huguenots of Montauban were converted by a consultation held in the town-hall. The

same thing took place at Montpelier, Castres, Lunel, &c., on the 5th October, after which followed the dioceses of Gap and Embrun; then all Poitou. The superintendent of versions in one day; upon which Madame de Languedoc announced sixty thousand conMaintenon, who knew her ancient Protestant allies at heart, answered, 'I plainly see, that all these conversions are not equally sincere; but God makes use of various means in order to bring back heretics to their duty. Their children will, at least, be Catholics. If the fathers are hypocrites, their outward appearance has a show of the truth; they have the signs in common with the faithful.'

"The efforts of Colbert to arrest the persecutions were in vain. It was evident that Louis XIV was tired of him, and that Louvois had absorbed all the royal favour. Too honest a man not to feel this,' says an historian of Colbert, and too ambitious to retire, he had the weakness still to tempt fortune by an effort more worthy of a courtier than a great minister. He proposed to consecrate to the king a magnificent place on the grounds of the hotel of Soissons, where the cornmarket is now to be seen.' In the middle of a vast basin there is an enormous rock, on which are placed four colossal statues, or river gods, which support Louis XIV in the attitude of prostrating discord and heresy. Girardon had planned this mountain of marble and bronze for an extraordinary effect. But the death of the minister saved France the expense of such gigantic adulation; and the prodigious blocks which were collected served to decorate the church of the Invalids. Worn out with labour and disappointment, Colbert broke down in a few days; his dying hand longer wish to hear mention of him,' he cried; refused to open a letter from the king. 'I no he may at least leave me unmolested at the present moment. Had I done,' he added, with the melancholy feeling of the expiring Wolsey, 'for my God what I have done for that man, I might have been saved ten times over; but now I know not what will become of me.' The populace, excited to fury against him, because he was comptroller-general of finance, groaned at the door of his house, could only bury him in the night, under the waiting to tear his body to pieces. They protection of an armed force. The tomb alone gave repose to this celebrated minister, whose soul, troubling in its last moments, seemed to fly into the bosom of the Jesuit Bourdalone, from an offended God, an ungrateful king, and an exasperated people.'

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Louvois only waited for that moment to put in force the most rigorous measures against the Protestants. An able man, of the name of Gourville, had advised him to incarcerate all the reformed clergy, and not to release any but those who would publicly abjure the new doctrine. This was a method of conversion more efficacious than the drugonnades and the sabre-in-hand missions. But such half-mild policy displeased the haughty minister; and in the commencement of the year 1685, he had written to the lieutenants of provinces, that his majesty wished every rigour should be exercised towards all who would not conform to his reli

gion; and those who desired the foolish glory to remain the last to do so, must be forced to the last extremity.'

"At length, on the 22nd of October of the same year, the famous edict appeared, which revoked that of Nantes. The father of Louvois, the old Chancellor Le Tellier, of whom the Count de Grammont said, on seeing him coming out of the cabinet of the king, 'I thought I saw a pole-cat just come from a murderous slaughter of the poultry, and licking his chops, covered with their blood.' The old chancellor, whilst signing the edict, joyfully exclaimed, 'Nunc dimittis servum tuum, Domine, quia viderunt occuli mei salvationem tuam. It is evident few fanatics of this description were wanted, sustained as they were by Madame de Maintenon and Father Lachaise, the king's confessor, in order to stifle more moderate, and consequently, wiser minds. 6 The revocation of the edict of Nantes, which resembles,' says Lemontey,' St Bartholomew, as far as a French crime can approach an Italian one, opened a long career of proscriptions.' The cruel edict was composed of eleven articles, the first of which suppressed all the privileges granted by Henry IV and Louis XIII to the Protestants. The second and third interdicted the exercise of their religion all over the kingdom without exception; the fourth directed that all the reforming clergy should leave France within fifteen days; the fifth and sixth established rewards to all those who might return to the bosom of the church; by the seventh, the Calvinists were prohibited from holding schools; and they were enjoined by the eighth to bring up their children in the Catholic religion; the ninth and tenth promised amnesty and restitution of property to those who, having emigrated, should return within four months; and the eleventh threatened those who had relapsed with heavy penalties, and permits the Calvinists, nevertheless, to remain in their own domiciles, to enjoy their own property, and to carry on their trades, without being molested on the score of religion, provided they did not assemble to exercise it. It is to be borne in mind, that care was taken that the last clause, which permitted a kind of liberty of conscience, was violated by the ultra zeal of the superintendents appointed to carry the edict of abolition into effect. The last clause,' says De Noailles, with regret, has a tendency to create great disorder, and to arrest the pro

gress of conversion.'

"Scarcely was the edict signed, when, at the signal of Lachaise, it became the theme of praises and panegyrics in the pulpits of the court, in order to stultify the king, and

not allow him time to reflect on a concession which the Protestants themselves admit was exacted from him. Nevertheless, on the

strength of hearing himself incessantly lauded as the saviour of the Catholic religion, Louis XIV finished by applauding an act which was made to appear to him as the most glorious of his reign. The French were thenceforth to have but one law under one

king. Louis XIV was another Constantine, another Theodosius.' Never had a king done, or never could a king do, anything so memorable. The whole of Europe was in amaze

ment at the promptitude and facility with which Louis XIV had annihilated a heresy, against which the arms of ten kings, his predecessors, had been vainly directed!'

"Then were the dragonnades carried on with new vigour. 'Often there were not,' says St Simon, 'more than four and twenty hours space between the torture and abjuration, and between abjuration and the communion, to which the executioners were the conductors and the witnesses. Almost all the bishops lent themselves to this violent and impious course of proceeding. The greater portion of them cheered the hangmen in their labours, and swelled the number of their triumphs by forced conversions, an account of which was duly forwarded to the court, in order to give them a greater claim to consideration and reward."

Miscellaneous.

AMIABLE DELICACY OF THE "FOURTH ESTATE."-We copy the following from a weekly paper:—

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The Murder of Mr Westwood.-It was lately announced by the daily papers that a convict recently sentenced had given important information respecting the murder of Mr Westwood, and that a police inspector had been entrusted with the pro

secution of the affair. The Observer' contradicts this rumour, and states that the murderer of Westwood escaped immediately to America, leaving his children to starve in his house, which was but a door or two distant from that of his victim. It also states, as an extraordinary circumstance connected with the murderer after his arrival in America, that a young man who had emigrated to that country, and to whom the murderer was personally known, hunted him out, and threatened to arrest and take him back to England, unless he immediately handed over to him half the watches and other property which were the fruits of the murder. The murderer yielded to this demand, and gave up what was required."

that have appeared headed as above, in This is only one of many paragraphs which, while it is stated the murderer is well known, his name is carefully concealed. Why this reserve? Is it the great reluctance which English journalists feel to say anything that may give pain to an assassin, or are they afraid that our reformed libel law renders it unsafe to speak out, as the gentleman in America might instruct his solicitor to proceed against the paper which ventured on so bold a step?

CHARGES ON OYSTERS. From a book lately published on the subject of corporation abuses, we learn that the price of oysters is raised to the London consumer by certain corrupt practices. We are told

"It appears that, down to the year 1680, the metage of oysters was performed by certain officers called yeomen of the water side, of whom there were formerly four, now but two, receiving, for almost nominal duties (chiefly connected with the Lord Mayor's household), in salary and fees the sum of 8314. 13s. 4d. The yeomen of the water side are still called master measurers, but long ago, growing tired of measuring, they made over the duty to deputy oyster meters, who in their turn, finding that unloading, shovelling, and measuring oysters, in all weathers, was not the most agreeable occupation, appointed deputy assistants to discharge their duty, seeing them paid of course for their services, as the reader will naturally suppose, and as he will suppose correctly, but seeing them paid by the public in shape of additional charges. The deputy oyster meters' deputies or assistants are fellowship porters, called holdsmen; and for the last half century they have been in the habit of doing the work-demanding and receiving a recompence from the purchasers of oysters over and above the charge made by the deputy oyster meters, upon the importer, of 8s. per bushel for the first one hundred bushels of every cargo, and 4s. per bushel for the remainder."

PICTURE OF A MARCH IN INDIA." I can

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scarcely conceive anything that would excite more astonishment, if it could be exhibited in England, than the multitudes, the variety of costume, &c., attending the march of a regiment in India. hundreds of camels, led by natives in every variety of picturesque Sindian and Hindoostanee garb; carts which might be the identical stridentia plaustra of the classics, drown by bullocks with heavy yokes, and impelled by goads; the irregular cavalry, with dresses in which the gayest colours were brought into the strongest contrast, their long black locks floating in the wind, their animated gestures, loud cries, and quivering spears, now urging their horses forward, now checking them in full career; the regular cavalry, with their elegant light blue uniform, and systematic movements, powerfully contrasting with the erratic evolutions and dresses of the irregulars; native and European infantry; officers on horseback, some in furs, some in cloaks, as they might best resist the cold of the morning; all this in the midst of a pathless and unfeatured desert, was a wild and animated scene."-Allen.

PAPAL PROTECTION.-In former times it was not uncommon for individuals who felt their possessions were in some degree endangered, to place them under the protection of the Pope, and he had no objection to take charge of all property worth having. A bull granted by Honorius, in

1221, to the hospital of Coventry runs thus: "We do take your persons, with all the goods ye now possess or shall here after acquire by just means, under the protection of blessed St Peter and our own, more especially the land of Smercote, with the houses and other effects thereto belonging."

INVENTION OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE.When the Jews were driven from Arabia, in their flight great numbers of them passed over to Spain, then in the possession of the Moors, by whom they were treated with great kindness. As no obstacle to improvement in learning or to promotion in rank was placed before them, the Jews by their genius and attachment to the interests of the state soon raised themselves to high civil offices about the persons of the Caliphs, who respected them, their learning, wisdom, and virtue. They established the most celebrated schools then in the world, both for sacred and profane literature. The Talmud, which in Arabia had been the only book studied by the Hebrews, gave place to the Scriptures, together with the most elaborate treatises on the arts and sciences; in the knowledge of which they took precedence of every learned fraternity in Europe. In the fine arts they likewise made great proficiency. Several among them are celebrated to this day as astronomers, architects, jurists, historians, poets, painters, and physicians. But neither the learning nor loyalty of the Jews availed them aught, when the Crescent was supplanted by the red banners of the Cross. On the defeat of the Saracens, Ferdinand and Isabella left them no choice between baptism and banishment; and with the exception of 500, whom the extremes of age and poverty prevented from removing, all preferred the latter. As the period for their departure was limited to a fixed hour, after which those remaining were liable to suffer death in case they refused baptism, the condition of the Jews

was the most lamentable that can well be

imagined. But they were not suffered to remain in the peaceable enjoyment of the time allotted to them by the Royal edict. The Christians fell on them in many places, and put them to death without regard to age, sex, or condition. Those of them who had escaped towards the sea previous to the breaking out of the disturbances in the interior of the country, were either pursued and butchered on the coast, or were drowned in great numbers through the treachery of those who supplied them with vessels. Few arrived safely in Italy; and even there they were only sheltered from a fate such as they had fled from by a Papal Bull. It was on this memorable occasion that some Spanish Jew merchants contrived, by the invention of Bills of Exchange, to possess themselves in Italy of

Appeals to the Chancellor.-The origin of appeals was this: as the Lord Chancellor was the secretary of the King, the Master of the Rolls was the secretary of the Chancellor; and the matters first referred to the Chancellor by the Lords for his decision, came, as the custom ever has been, to be transferred by the great man to his great man, and then back again.

Patronage. Full 2,000,000l. sterling of the Indian revenue are divided among less than a thousand persons; who accordingly share among them, from lads of eighteen and upwards, on an average, salaries above 2,000l. a-piece, besides being entitled to considerable retiring superannuations.

Human Folly.-Mankind have never exerted half the energy in defence of their most important rights, that they have in support of some hidden mystery or cabalistic expression of which they understood nothing.-Westminster Review.

Historical Novels.-The worst of historical novels of second rate, is that you are sure of nothing in them. The historical characters are shaded according to the fancy of the writer or the emergencies of the story. The manners have rarely a more authentic source than some imperfect and hasty researches of the novelist; and the style is pretty generally formed after the manner of a late Irish novel, where, though the scene is placed in the middle ages, the dialect is the modern brogue.- Westminster Review. East India Stockholders. The capital stock of the East India Company is six millions sterling; and the holders of it amount to about 3,500, of whom something less than 2,000 are entitled to vote; the proprietor of 1,000l. worth of stock is entitled to one vote; the proprietor of 3,000l. to two votes; of 6,000l. to three

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Charity Defeated.-If a benevolent person, three centuries ago, said in his will, I have a field worth 10%. per annum; I bequeath 5l. to school A., and 51. to school B.," and after his death this field rises in value as building ground to 500l., then the master and wardens of any company left trustees of the testator, claim the right of keeping for their own uses the difference between the 10l. and the 500%. charge has recently been brought against the companies of the London Corporation. Each ought for itself to answer it.

This

A Bad Hat.-It is amusing to find Kohl wondering that the poor Irish peasant, instead of a useful, light waterproof cap, wears a quizzical, shapeless felt or silk hat, which may have been soaked a hundred times in the rain and dried again. That the higher and unoccupied classes should encumber themselves with so uncomfortable and inappropriate covering as our hats, and keep to them because they have been once the fashion, is intelligible enough; but how such an absurd article of dress could have been kept up for years among millions of people of the labouring classes is to me incomprehensible.-[The writer might, on inquiry, have found that the shapeless old hat is given to a poor man who cannot afford to buy a light waterproof cap.]

Irish Tradition.-Many of the followers of Mr O'Connell believe that a Scythian king, who married a daughter of Pharaoh who expelled the Jews from Egypt, after having conquered Spain, came over to their island.

English Carriages and English Drivers. -The carriages, even the largest, are light as feathers, but at the same time as solid as steel and iron; the horses are as fleet as birds, and at the same time as strong and lasting; and the coachmen are so skilful in their craft, that each of the 3,000 public drivers, who are said to exist in the United Kingdom, would obtain a prize among us.-Kohl.