Introduction to GeochemistrySpringer Science & Business Media, 2012/12/06 - 143 ページ TO GEOCHEMISTRY by CLAUDE-JEAN ALLEGRE Department of Earth Sciences, University of Paris 7 and GIL MICHARD Department of Chemistry, University of Paris 7 D, REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND / BOSTON-U. S. A. INTRODUCTION A LA GEOCHIMIE First published by Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1973 Translated/rom the French by Robert N. Varney Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-83871 e-ISBN -13: 978-94 -010-2261-3 ISBN -13: 978-90-277-0498-6 DOl: 10. 1007/978-94-010-2261-3 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P. O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U. S. A. , Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. 306 Dartmouth Street, Boston, Mass. 02116, U. S. A. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1974 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE IX PREFACE BY THE TRANSLATOR XI CHAPTER 1 / THE EARTH AS A CHEMICAL SYSTEM 1 1. 1. The Earth within the Solar System 1 1. 2. The Scale of Time 1 1. 3. The Overall Chemical Composition of the Earth, the Solar System, and the Universe 2 1. 4. Chemical Compounds in the Solar System: Cosmological Minerals 5 1. 4. 1. Simple Molecules 6 1. 4. 2. Simple Solids 6 1. 4. 3. Silicates 6 1. 4. 4. Carbon Polymers 6 1. 4. 5. Fe-Ni Alloys 6 1. 5. |
目次
CHAPTER 4THE GEOCHEMICAL FRACTIONATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS | 2 |
THE EQUILIBRIA OF PHASES IN THE LITHOSPHERE | 15 |
CHAPTER 3CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA IN THE HYDROSPHERE | 39 |
CHAPTER 5IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES OF ELEMENT TRANSFER | 79 |
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abundance acid albite alkaline basalts Allègre anorthite assemblages atmosphere atomic number basalts basic biosphere biotite calcite carbonate chemical composition chondrites CO₂ complex compounds concentration constant corresponding curve depths distribution domains Earth's crust environment equation equilibrium eutectic evolution example feldspar Figure formation fractional crystallization function geochemical Geochemistry granites granites of type graph hydrosphere important initial ions isotopic isotopic composition kaolinite kinetic leucite liquid lithosphere magma mass measured melt metamorphic facies meteorites mineralogical minerals mixture natural waters occur ocean olivine oxidation paragenetic associations paragenetic suites partial fusion partition coefficients peridotites Phase diagram phenomena plagioclase planets potash feldspar precipitation pyroxene quartz radioactive radiogenic rare earths ratio reactions sea water sediments siderophiles silicates solubility sulfates sulfides surface temperature and pressure thermal thermodynamic tholeitic basalts tion trace element ultrabasic upper mantle values variations various volcanic zircon zone