In addition to the

executed, and many of them throw great light upon oriental customs. various improvements in the fourth edition, the references and quotations in the fifth edition were verified and corrected; the explanations of the plates, which had hitherto been detached from the body of the work, were incorporated with the articles of which they form a part; the whole of the text was revised; and several new articles, besides occasional additions, were introduced. In its present improved state, Mr. Taylor's edition of Calmet's Dictionary is indispensably necessary to every biblical student who can afford to purchase it. An Index of Matters and of Texts cited and illustrated in the fourth edition was published separately, in 1827.

3. Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible by the late Mr. Charles Taylor, with the Fragments incorporated. The whole condensed and arranged in alphabetical order, with numerous additions. [By Josiah CONDER.] London, 1831; second edition, 1832. royal 8vo.

This abridgment comprises under one alphabet whatever is important or intrinsically valuable either in Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible, or in the Fragments collected by Mr. Taylor. The editor of the abridgment has judiciously omitted all those articles (and those only) which were not directly illustrative of the Holy Scriptures, and also many of the prolix and trivial discussions of the Fragments. The value of the work is enhanced by the insertion of numerous well executed wood-cuts; so that each article includes its appropriate illustration; an improvement which cannot but greatly facilitate the perusal of this cheap and beautifully executed volume.

3*. Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible....... American Edition, revised, with large additions, by Edward ROBINSON, D.D. Professor Extraordinary of Sacred Literature in the Theological Seminary, Andover. Illustrated with Maps and Engravings on wood. Boston [Massachussetts] and New York, 1832. royal 8vo.

In preparing this work for publication in North America, Professor Robinson has made numerous retrenchments of those mythological and etymological discussions, which the English editor could not omit, without taking greater liberties with the labours of his predecessor than might have been justifiable. In place of these retrenchments, Dr. Robinson has made very numerous and important additions, condensed with singular perspicuity from the works of modern travellers in the East, and especially from the labours of the most distinguished German critics and commentators, which are comparatively little known to American readers. The volume is beautifully printed.

3.** A Dictionary of the Holy Bible, for the Use of Schools and Young Persons. By Edward ROBINSON, D.D. Illustrated with Maps and Engravings on wood. Boston and New York, 1833. 12mo.

Though avowedly designed for schools and young persons, this neatly executed publication may be very advantageously used by all who may be unable to procure larger works. To a considerable extent it is an abridgment of the preceding American edition of Calmet's Dictionary; but not a few articles are original, and composed from the best accessible sources. In the Historical, Biographical, and Geographical Index, annexed to the third volume of this work, we have derived many valuable hints and illustrations from both Dr. Robinson's Dictionaries of the Bible.

4. A Dictionary of the Holy Bible; containing an Historical Account of the Persons, a Geographical Account of the Places, and Literal, Critical, and Systematical Descriptions of other objects, mentioned in the Writings of the Old and New Testament, or in those called Apocrypha. London, 1759. 3 vols. 8vo.

This useful compilation is principally abridged from Calmet's great Dictionary of the Bible. In chronology, the anonymous editor professes to have followed Archbishop Usher; in geography, Eusebius, Jerome, Reland, Maundrell, Whitby, and Wells, have been consulted; and on the sacred antiquities of the Jews, recourse has been had to Josephus, the Rabbins, and the Fathers. This work may sometimes be met with at a low price.

5. A Dictionary of the Holy Bible, on the plan of Calmet, but principally adapted to common readers: containing an Historical Account of the Persons; a Geographical and Historical Account of the Places; a Literal, Critical and Systematical Description of other objects, whether natural, artificial, civil, religious, or military; and the application of the Appellative Terms, mentioned in the Old and New Testament. By the Rev. John BROWN, of Haddington, 2 vols. 8vo. various editions. Also, in one volume, 8vo.

The author was a minister in the Secession-church of Scotland; and in his doctrinal views Calvinistic. Allowance being made for some of his sentiments, his work may be advantageously substituted for the larger biblical dictionaries, the price of which necessarily places them above the reach of many persons. The first edition of this work appeared in 1769: the best edition of Mr. Brown's Dictionary is said to be the fifth, which costs about eighteen shillings. A professed abridgment of this work was published in 1815, in two small volumes, 18mo. The "Compendious Dictionary of the Holy Bible," first published by Mr. William Button, in 1796, and since reprinted with additions and corrections in 12mo, is a judicious abridgment of Brown's Dictionary. 'By means of a very small, but clear type, a vast quantity of matter is comprised within the compass of this little volume. The book, without doubt, may be serviceable to many." (British Critic, Old Series, vol. x. p. 201.)

6. Dictionnaire Généalogique, Historique, et Critique de l'Ecriture Sainte, où sont refutées plusieurs fausses assertions de Voltaire, et autres Philosophes du dix-huitième siècle; par l'Abbe [Antoine SERIEYS], revue, corrigé, et publié par M. l'Abbé Sicard. Paris, 1804. 8vo.

Sacred geography and antiquities form no part of this work, which is specially devoted to a refutation of the sophistries and falsehoods of Voltaire and the infidel pseudo-philosophers of France, during the eighteenth century. The author, Antoine Serieys (according to M. Sicard), was one of the victims of the French Revolution in the beginning of September, 1792. This is not true. Serieys was a voluminous compiler and editor of various works, principally historical: at an early period of his life he had rendered some services to the abbé Sicard, who, being unable to remunerate him, allowed him to make use of his name. Serieys lived seventeen years after the publication of this dictionary, and died at Paris in 1819. (Biographie Universelle, tom. xlii. pp. 69, 70.)

Nouvelle

7. Dictionnaire Abrégé de la Bible de [Pierre] CHOMPRÉ. Edition, revue et considérablement augmentée par M. Petitot. Paris, 1806.

12mo.

M. Chompré was a distinguished classical teacher of youth, in the former part of the eighteenth century, at Paris; where he first published his abridged Dictionary of the Bible, in 12mo. The new edition by M. Petitot is considerably enlarged and improved by the addition of numerous articles, particularly those relating to the manners, legislation, and sects of the Hebrews, and a Chronological Table.

8. A Dictionary of the Bible; Historical and Geographical, Theological, Moral, and Ritual, Philosophical, and Philological. By Alexander MACBEAN, A.M. London, 1779. 8vo.

A useful book in its day, but now completely superseded by latter works: it may frequently be procured for a trifling price.

9. A Theological, Biblical, and Ecclesiastical Dictionary; serving as a general note-book to illustrate the Old and New Testament, as a guide to the Practices and Opinions of all Sects and Religions, and as a Cyclopædia of Religious Knowledge. By John ROBINSON, D.D. London, 1815. 8vo. Second Edition, 1835. 8vo.

This work is very closely printed, and presents a digest, with references to authorities at the end of each article, of almost all that had been written on biblical literature previously to the date of its publication. "It is clearly the work of a man of much industry in collecting, and of much judgment in arranging his matter. To every theological student, who has not access to an extensive library, this volume will prove a very useful subsidiary; to many, indeed, who have neither attainment nor abilities for research, it will become necessary.' (Brit. Crit. N, S. vol. vii. p. 305.) We cannot however help expressing our regret that, on some topics, Dr. R. should have referred to writers whose publications (though useful in some respects) are calculated to subvert the fundamental doctrines of the Gospel. His work is illustrated by several neatly-engraved maps. It may be proper to add that it is noticed with merited commendation in the Evangelical Magazine for 1817. vol. xxv. p. 486. and in the Antijacobin Review, vol. xlix. pp. 1-15.

10. The Biblical Cyclopædia; or, Dictionary of the Holy Scriptures, intended to facilitate an acquaintance with the inspired writings. By William JONES. 1816. 2 vols. 8vo.

The plan of this Biblical Cyclopædia is less extensive than that of Dr. J. Robinson's Dictionary, before which some parts of it appeared, though it bears date one year later than the latter work.

11. A Dictionary of the Holy Bible. Extracted chiefly from Brown, Calmet, &c., collated with other works of the like kind, with numerous additions from various Authors, and a considerable quantity of original matter. By the Rev. James WOOD. Seventh Edition, London, [1822] 2 vols. 8vo.

12. The Pocket Dictionary of the Holy Bible; selected and arranged from Calmet, Brown, Newton, Hurd, and other Writers. By W. GURNEY, A.M. London, 1826. 18mo.

13. The Scripture Lexicon: or a Dictionary of above four thousand Proper Names of Persons and Places mentioned in the Old and New Testament; divided into Syllables, with their proper accents. By Peter OLIVER, LLD. Oxford, 1810. 8vo.

14. A Pocket Dictionary of the Holy Bible: containing an Historical and Geographical Account of the Persons and Places mentioned in the Old and New Testaments. By Archibald ALEXANDER, D.D. Philadelphia, 1830. 18mo.

15. A Biblical and Theological Dictionary, explanatory of the History, Manners, and Customs of the Jews, and neighbouring nations: with an account of the most remarkable places and persons mentioned in the Sacred Scripture, &c. By the Rev. Richard WATSON. London, 1831. royal 8vo.

16. Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus, e Patribus Græcis, ordine alphabetico exhibens quæcunque Phrases, Ritus, Dogmata, Hæreses, et hujusmodi alia huc spectant, à Johanne Casparo SUICERO. Amstelodami, 1728. 2 vols. folio.

This is the best edition of a most valuable work; which, though indispensably necessary for understanding the writings of the Greek fathers, incidentally contains many illustrations of Scripture. It is said to have cost the learned author twenty years' labour: the first edition appeared at Amsterdam in 1682, in two volumes folio.

SECTION III.

COMMON PLACE BOOKS TO THE BIBLE.

1. Christian Institutes, or the Sincere Word of God collected out of the Old and New Testaments, digested under proper heads, and delivered in the very words of Scripture. By Francis GASTRELL, D.D. Bishop of

Chester. 12mo.

This valuable little work, which may perhaps be considered as a Concordance of parallel passages at full length, was first published in 1707, and has since been repeatedly printed in 12mo. It may be very advantageously substituted for any of the subsequent larger and more expensive works. The "Economy of a Christian Life," published by the Rev. W. Bingley in 1808, in 2 vols. 12mo. is similar in design, but upon the whole better arranged than Bp. Gastrell's little manual.

2. A Common-Place Book to the Holy Bible, or the Scriptures' Sufficiency practically demonstrated: wherein the substance of Scripture respecting doctrine, worship, and manners, is reduced to its proper heads. By John Locke, Esq. A new edition, revised and improved by the Rev. William DODD, LL.D. 4to. London, 1805; 8vo. London, 1824.

Though this work is ascribed to the celebrated philosopher, Mr. Locke, we have not been able to ascertain whether it was really compiled by him. The second edition of it bears the date of 1697: an edition was published by the unfortunate Dr. Dodd, from which the present impression was made. It certainly is a very useful book.

3. A System of Revealed Religion, digested under proper heads, and

composed in the express words of Scripture; containing all that the Sacred Records reveal with respect to Doctrine and Duty. By John WARDEN, MA. London, 1769. 4to. 1819. 2 vols. 8vo.

This work is exceedingly valuable as a common-place book, or harmony of passages of Scripture. It was recommended by Dr. Robertson the historian, and other eminent divines of the Scottish church. In this work the author has collected all that the Scriptures contain relating to any one article of faith or practice under each respective head, in the very words of the sacred writers, with the occasional insertion of a brief note at the foot of a page, and a remark or two at the end of some few chapters. The texts are so arranged as to add to their perspicuity, and at the same time to illustrate the subject; and the chapters are so constructed and disposed, that each may form a regular and continued discourse. The work is executed with singular ability and fidelity, and the reprint of it is truly an acquisition to biblical students.

4. An Analysis of the Holy Bible; containing the whole of the Old and New Testaments, collected and arranged systematically. By Matthew TALBOT. Leeds and London. 1800. 4to.

This work has been justly characterised as "a book of good arrangement and convenient reference, and calculated to augment, by very easy application, our stores of sacred knowledge." (British Critic, O. S. vol. xviii. pp. ii. 88, 89.) It is divided into thirty books, which are subdivided into 285 chapters, and 4144 sections. This " Analysis" is of great rarity and high price.

5. Common-Place Book; or Companion to the Old and New Testaments; being a Scripture Account of the Faith and Practice of Christians; consisting of an ample Collection of pertinent Texts on the sundry Articles of Revealed Religion. [By the Rev. Hugh GASTON.] A new edition, corrected, compared, and enlarged, by Joseph STRUTT. London, 1813;

1824. 8vo.

The edition of 1813 is a reprint, with numerous corrections and additions, of a work originally printed at Dublin in the year 1763. The arrangement, though not equally good with that of some of the works above noticed, is clear; the selection of texts is sufficiently ample; and a useful index enables the reader to find passages of Scripture arranged on almost every topic he can desire. The book is neatly printed: and as it is of easy purchase, it may be substituted for any of the larger common-place books already noticed. The edition of 1824 is considerably improved.

SECTION IV.

INDEXES AND ANALYSES OF THE BIBLE.

1. An Index to the Bible: in which the various Subjects which occur in the Scriptures are alphabetically arranged: with accurate References to all the Books of the Old and New Testament. Designed to facilitate the Study of these invaluable Records. Stereotype edition. London, 1811.

This useful index is printed in various sizes to bind up with Bibles: it is said (but on what authority we know not) to have been drawn up by Dr. Priestley.

2. The Analysis of all the Epistles of the New Testament, wherein the chiefe things of every particular Chapter are reduced to heads, for helpe of the Memory; and many hard places are explained for the helpe of the understanding. By John DALE, M.A. Oxford, 1652. 8vo.

3. The Scripture Student's Assistant; being a Complete Index and concise Dictionary to the Holy Bible: in which the various Persons, Places, and Subjects mentioned in it, are accurately referred to; and every difficult word completely explained. By the Rev. John BARR. Glasgow and London, 1829. 12mo. or demy 4to.

4. Mosis P. FLACHERI Analysis Typica omnium cùm Veteris tùm Novi Testamenti Librorum Historicorum, ad intelligendam rerum seriem et memoriam juvandam accommodata. Basileæ, 1587. folio; 1621. 4to. Londini, 1597. 4to.

5. Jacobi BRANDMYLLERI Analysis Typica Librorum Veteris Testamenti Poeticorum et Propheticorum. Basileæ, 1622. 4to.

6. Salomonis VAN TIL Opus Analyticum, comprehendens Introductionem in Sacram Scripturam, ad Joh. Henrici Heideggeri Enchiridion Biblicum IEPOMNHMONIKON concinnatum. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1720. 2 vols.

4to.

A most minute Analysis of every Book and almost of every Chapter in the Scriptures, Heidegger's Enchiridion Biblicum, on which Van Til's work is a commentary, was first published at Zurich (Tiguri) in 1681, and was frequently reprinted in Germany, in the course of the last century. It contains prefaces to the different books of the Old and New Testament together with very minute analyses of the different books. Where Heidegger's statements were correct, Van Til has corroborated them; where he was in error, the latter has corrected his mistakes, and supplied his omissions.

CHAPTER VII.

TREATISES ON BIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES, AND ON OTHER HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE BIBLE.

SECTION I.

GENERAL TREATISES ON BIBLICAL ANTIQUITIES.

1. Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum, complectens selectissima clarissimorum virorum Opuscula, in quibus veterum Hebræorum Mores, Leges, Instituta, Ritus sacri et civiles, illustrantur; auctore Blasio UGOLINO. Venetiis, 1744-1769. 34 tomis folio.

An Analysis of the contents of this great Collection of Jewish Antiquities is given in Mr. Harris's Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Institution, pp. 11–20. 2d edition. "Many other books, treating of Jewish antiquities, have been published; but those who have a taste for such sort of reading, will find this collection far more useful to them than any other of the kind." (Bishop Watson.)

2. Modern Judaism: or, a Brief Account of the Opinions, Traditions, Rites, and Ceremonies, of the Jews in modern Times. By John ALLEN. London, 1816. Second Edition, revised and corrected. 1830. 8vo.

The various traditions, &c. received and adopted by the modern Jews (that is, by those who lived during and subsequently to the time of Jesus Christ), are fully and perspicuously treated in this well-executed volume, which illustrates various passages in the New Testament with great felicity.

3. The Antiquities of the Jews, carefully compiled from authentic sources, and their Customs illustrated by modern Travels. By W. BROWN, D.D. London, 1820. 2 vols. 8vo.

4. Christ. BRÜNINGS Compendium Antiquitatum Hebræorum. 8vo. Francofurti, 1766.

5. Compendium Antiquitatum Græcarum è profanis sacrarum, collegit, naturali ordine disposuit, ad sacrarum literarum illustrationem passim accommodavit Christianus BRÜNINGS. Francofurti, 1759. 8vo.

6. Petri CUNÆI de Republica Hebræorum Libri tres; editi à Jo. Nicolai. 4to. Lugduni Batavorum, 1703.

The best edition of a very learned work; which, till lately, continued to be a text-book whence the continental professors of Hebrew antiquities lectured.